Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among women and associated with negative outcomes, including emotion dysregulation. Limited research has examined factors that contribute to emotion dysregulation in this population. This study explores the potential influence of presumed head and neck injuries from IPV on five dimensions of emotion dysregulation. Participants were 352 community women who responded to an online survey. Results of a path analysis indicated that presumed head and neck injuries from IPV were significantly associated with lack of emotional clarity and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing emotions. Findings suggest an association between presumed head and neck injuries from IPV and emotion dysregulation, underscoring the potential need for considering both neurological and psychological factors in the assessment and treatment of emotion dysregulation in this population.
AlexanderW. H.BrownJ. W. (2018). Frontal cortex function as derived from hierarchical predictive coding. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 3843.
2.
AndersonS. W.BarrashJ.BecharaA.TranelD. (2006). Impairments of emotion and real-world complex behavior following childhood-or adult-onset damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(2), 224–235.
3.
ArcherJ. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651–680.
4.
ArcherJ. (2002). Sex differences in physically aggressive acts between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(4), 313–351.
5.
BanksS. J.EddyK. T.AngstadtM.NathanP. J.PhanK. L. (2007). Amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotion regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(4), 303–312.
6.
BaumeisterR. F.BratslavskyE.MuravenM.TiceD. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252–1265.
7.
BjurebergJ.LjótssonB.TullM. T.HedmanE.SahlinH.LundhL. G., et al. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296.
BuhleJ. T.SilversJ. A.WagerT. D.LopezR.OnyemekwuC.KoberH., et al. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 24(11), 2981–2990.
10.
BuhrmesterM.KwangT.GoslingS. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality data?Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5.
11.
CardinalR. N.ParkinsonJ. A.HallJ.EverittB. J. (2002). Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(3), 321–352.
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2011). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS).
13.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2015). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS).
14.
CloitreM.MirandaR.Stovall-McCloughK. C.HanH. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 119–124.
15.
CorriganJ. D.BognerJ. (2007). Initial reliability and validity of the Ohio State University TBI identification method. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22(6), 318–329.
16.
Dams-O’ConnorK.CantorJ. B.BrownM.DijkersM. P.SpielmanL. A.GordonW. A. (2014). Screening for traumatic brain injury: Findings and public health implications. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(6), 479–489.
17.
DavisT. S.MaussI. B.LumianD.TroyA. S.ShallcrossA. J.ZaroliaP., et al. (2014). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation among adults with a history of self-harm: Laboratory self-report and functional MRI evidence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(3), 499–509.
18.
DevriesK.WattsC.YoshihamaM.KissL.SchraiberL. B.DeyessaN., et al. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: Evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 79–86.
19.
DiekhofE. K.GeierK.FalkaiP.GruberO. (2011). Fear is only as deep as the mind allows: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on the regulation of negative affect. NeuroImage, 58(1), 275–285.
EllsbergM.JansenH. A.HeiseL.WattsC. H.Garcia-MorenoC. (2008). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: An observational study. Lancet, 371(9619), 1165–1172.
22.
EtkinA.BüchelC.GrossJ. J. (2015). The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(11), 693–700.
23.
EtkinA.WagerT. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476–1488.
24.
FusterJ. M. (2001). The prefrontal cortex—An update: Time is of the essence. Neuron, 30(2), 319–333.
25.
GiulianiN. R.DrabantE. M.BhatnagarR.GrossJ. J. (2011). Emotion regulation and brain plasticity: Expressive suppression use predicts anterior insula volume. NeuroImage, 58(1), 10–15.
26.
GoldinY.HaagH. L.TrottC. T. (2016). Screening for history of traumatic brain injury among women exposed to intimate partner violence. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8(11), 1104–1110.
27.
GratzK. L.RoemerL. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54.
28.
GratzK. L.RoemerL. (2008). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 37(1), 14–25.
29.
GratzK. L.RosenthalM. Z.TullM. T.LejuezC.GundersonJ. G. (2006). An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 850–855.
30.
GratzK. L.TullM. T. (2010). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance and mindfulness-based treatments. Assessing Mindfulness and Acceptance Processes in Clients: Illuminating the Theory and Practice of Change, 2, 107–133.
31.
GrossJ. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.
32.
GrossJ. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.
33.
HayesS. C.WilsonK. G.GiffordE. V.FolletteV. M.StrosahlK. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168.
34.
HerrmannC. S.RachS.NeulingT.StrüberD. (2013). Transcranial alternating current stimulation: A review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 279.
35.
HogeC. W.GoldbergH. M.CastroC. A. (2009). Care of war veterans with mild traumatic brain injury-flawed perspectives. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(16), 1588–1591.
36.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
37.
IrelandS.McMahonR.MalowR.KouzekananiK. (1994). Coping style as a predictor of relapse to cocaine abuse. NIDA Research Monograph, 141, 159–159.
38.
KalischR. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time matters. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(8), 1215–1226.
39.
KerselD. A.MarshN. V.HavillJ. H.SleighJ. W. (2001). Psychosocial functioning during the year following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 15(8), 683–696.
40.
KrautR.OlsonJ.BanajiM.BruckmanA.CohenJ.CouperM. (2004). Psychological research online: Report of Board of Scientific Affairs’ Advisory Group on the Conduct of Research on the Internet. American Psychologist, 59, 105–117.
41.
LagdonS.ArmourC.StringerM. (2014). Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimisation: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, Article 24794.
42.
LaneR. D.ReimanE. M.BradleyM. M.LangP. J.AhernG. L.DavidsonR. J.SchwartzG. E. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion. Neuropsychologia, 35(11), 1437–1444.
43.
LazarusR. S.FolkmanS. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
44.
LeDouxJ. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23(1), 155–184.
45.
LeeB.NewbergA. (2005). Neuroimaging in traumatic brain imaging. NeuroRx, 2(2), 372–383.
46.
LillyM. M.Hong LimB. (2013). Shared pathogeneses of posttrauma pathologies: Attachment, emotion regulation, and cognitions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(7), 737–748.
47.
MeadeA. W.CraigS. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 437–455.
48.
MenninD. S.HeimbergR. G.TurkC. L.FrescoD. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281–1310.
49.
MildersM.FuchsS.CrawfordJ. R. (2003). Neuropsychological impairments and changes in emotional and social behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(2), 157–172.
50.
MishraS.CarletonR. N. (2017). Use of online crowdsourcing platforms for gambling research. International Gambling Studies, 17(1), 125–143.
51.
MohammadiA.ZargarF.MalekpourV.OmidiA.AkbariH. (2018). Comparison of emotions and difficulties in emotion regulation between mild traumatic brain injured and healthy participants. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, 5(1), 14–23.
52.
MonahanK.O’LearyK. D. (1999). Head injury and battered women: An initial inquiry. Health & Social Work, 24(4), 269–278.
53.
NeumannD.Westerhof-EversH. J.Visser-KeizerA. C.FasottiL.SchönherrM. C.VinkM., et al. (2017). Effectiveness of a treatment for impairments in social cognition and emotion regulation (T-ScEmo) after traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(5), 296–307.
54.
NeumannD.ZupanB.MalecJ. F.HammondF. (2014). Relationships between alexithymia, affect recognition, and empathy after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(1), E18–E27.
55.
OwnsworthT. (2014). Self-identity after brain injury. Psychology Press.
56.
ParadisoS.JohnsonD. L.AndreasenN. C.O’LearyD. S.WatkinsG. L.Boles PontoL. L.HichwaR. D. (1999). Cerebral blood flow changes associated with attribution of emotional valence to pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral visual stimuli in a PET study of normal subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(10), 1618–1629.
57.
PhelpsE. A.LeDouxJ. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior. Neuron, 48(2), 175–187.
58.
PonsfordJ. L.DowningM. G.OlverJ.PonsfordM.AcherR.CartyM.SpitzG. (2014). Longitudinal follow-up of patients with traumatic brain injury: Outcome at two, five, and ten years post-injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(1), 64–77.
59.
RosseelY. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
60.
SeelR. T.KreutzerJ. S.RosenthalM.HammondF. M.CorriganJ. D.BlackK. (2003). Depression after traumatic brain injury: A National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems multicenter investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(2), 177–184.
61.
ShapiroD. N.ChandlerJ.MuellerP. A. (2013). Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(2), 213–220.
62.
ShieldsC.OwnsworthT.O’DonovanA.FlemingJ. (2016). A transdiagnostic investigation of emotional distress after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(3), 410–445.
63.
SilvaE.MachadoB. C.MoreiraC. S.RamalhoS.GonçalvesS. (2017). Romantic relationships and nonsuicidal self-injury among college students: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 50, 36–44.
64.
SmithS. G.ZhangX.BasileK. C.MerrickM. T.WangJ.KresnowM. J.ChenJ. (2018). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2015 data brief–updated release.
65.
StrausM. A.HambyS. L.Boney-McCoyS.SugarmanD. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283–316.
66.
StussD. T.BensonD. F. (1984). Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95(1), 3–28.
67.
TatenoA.JorgeR. E.RobinsonR. G. (2003). Clinical correlates of aggressive behavior after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(2), 155–160.
68.
TeamR. C. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
69.
ThurmanD. J.SniezekJ. E.JohnsonD.GreenspaneA.SmithS. M. (1995). Guidelines for surveillance of central nervous system injury. Department of Health and Human Services.
70.
TroyA. S.ShallcrossA. J.BrunnerA.FriedmanR.JonesM. C. (2018). Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: Effects on emotion, physiology, and perceived cognitive costs. Emotion, 18(1), 58–78.
71.
TullM. T.AldaoA. (2015). New directions in the science of emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 4–10.
72.
TullM. T.BarrettH. M.McMillanE. S.RoemerL. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 303–313.
73.
VajdaA.LángA. (2014). Emotional abuse, neglect in eating disorders and their relationship with emotion regulation. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131, 386–390.
74.
ValeraE.KucyiA. (2017). Brain injury in women experiencing intimate partner-violence: Neural mechanistic evidence of an “invisible” trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11(6), 1664–1677.
75.
van der HornH. J.LiemburgE. J.ScheenenM. E.de KoningM. E.MarsmanJ. B. C.SpikmanJ. M.van der NaaltJ. (2016). Brain network dysregulation, emotion, and complaints after mild traumatic brain injury. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1645–1654.
76.
VasilevC. A.CrowellS. E.BeauchaineT. P.MeadH. K.Gatzke-KoppL. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364.
77.
WangY. M.ChenJ.HanB. Y. (2017). The effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on memory of emotional pictures. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1921.
78.
WeissN. H.DaroshA. G.ContractorA. A.SchickM. M.Dixon-GordonK. L. (2019). Confirmatory validation of the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Positive. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(7), 1267–1287.
79.
WeissN. H.Dixon-GordonK. L.PeasantC.SullivanT. P. (2018). An examination of the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(5), 775–780.
80.
WeissN. H.GratzK. L.LavenderJ. M. (2015). Factor structure and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of difficulties in the regulation of positive emotions: The DERS-Positive. Behavior Modification, 39(3), 431–453.
81.
WeissN. H.SullivanT. P.TullM. T. (2015). Explicating the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors: A review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 22–29.
82.
WeissN. H.TullM. T.VianaA. G.AnestisM. D.GratzK. L. (2012). Impulsive behaviors as an emotion regulation strategy: Examining associations between PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and impulsive behaviors among substance dependent inpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 453–458.
83.
WelbornB. L.PapademetrisX.ReisD. L.RajeevanN.BloiseS. M.GrayJ. R. (2009). Variation in orbitofrontal cortex volume: Relation to sex, emotion regulation and affect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(4), 328–339.
84.
WuV.HuffH.BhandariM. (2010). Pattern of physical injury associated with intimate partner violence in women presenting to the emergency department: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 11(2), 71–82.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
