This study evaluated patterns of sexual assault disclosures as well as the response and impact of that response on assault survivors. The sample consisted of 217 undergraduates with a history of sexual assault (89.5% female, 76.5% Caucasian). Participants reported the order in which they disclosed and the nature and impact of the response they received. Results indicated that the majority of participants told close peers first and perceived the first response to be supportive. These findings are encouraging but also demonstrate the need for improving the response that an assault survivor receives.
BanyardV. L.WardS.CohnE. S.PlanteE. G.MoorheadC.WalshW. (2007). Unwanted sexual contact on campus: A comparison of women’s and men’s experiences. Violence and Victims, 22, 57-70. doi:10.1891/vv-v22i1a004
2.
CapitaineM.RodgersR. F.ChabrolH. (2011). Unwanted sexual experiences, depressive symptoms and disordered eating among college students. Eating Behaviors, 12, 86-89. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.11.003
3.
DemersJ. M.RobertsA. P.BennettS.BanyardV. L. (2017). Victim motivations for disclosing unwanted sexual experiences and partner abuse. Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work, 32, 327-343. doi:10.1177/0886109917704936
4.
DworkinE. R.NewtonE.AllenN. E. (2018). Seeing roses in the thorn bush: Sexual assault survivors’ perceptions of social reactions. Psychology of Violence, 8, 100-109. doi:10.1037/vio0000082
5.
DworkinE. R.PittengerS. L.AllenN. E. (2016). Disclosing sexual assault within social networks: A mixed-method investigation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 57, 216-228. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12033
6.
EdwardsK. M.UllmanS. E. (2018). Preliminary data on an intervention to reduce negative social reactions to victims’ disclosures. Journal of College Student Development, 59, 105-110. doi:10.1353/csd.2018.0007
7.
FilipasH. H.UllmanS. E. (2001). Social reactions to sexual assault victims from various support sources. Violence and Victims, 16, 673-692.
8.
FlemingC. E.LynchK. A.HakasM. B.BelangerE. (2018). Resource use after unwanted sexual experiences in undergraduates: A comprehensive evaluation of factors related to the decision to seek help. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0886260518780408
9.
FranklinC. A.GarzaA. D. (2018). Sexual assault disclosure: The effect of victim race and perpetrator type on empathy, culpability, and service referral for survivors in a hypothetical scenario. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0886260518759656
10.
GialopsosB. M. (2017). Sexual violence in academia: Policy, theory, and prevention considerations. Journal of School Violence, 16, 141-147. doi:10.1080/15388220.2017.1284467
11.
GueretteS. M.CaronS. L. (2007). Assessing the impact of acquaintance rape: Interviews with women who are victims/survivors of sexual assault while in college. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 22, 31-50. doi:10.1300/J035v22n02_04
12.
JordanC. E.CombsJ. L.SmithG. T. (2014). An exploration of sexual victimization and academic performance among college women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15, 191-200. doi:10.1177/1524838014520637
KrippendorffK. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30, 411-433. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
15.
LittletonH. L. (2010). The impact of social support and negative disclosure reactions on sexual assault victims: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 210-227. doi:10.1080/15299730903502946
16.
LittletonH. L.AxsomD.BreitkopfC. R.BerensonA. (2006). Rape acknowledgment and postassault experiences: How acknowledgment status relates to disclosure, coping, worldview, and reactions received from others. Violence and Victims, 21, 761-778. doi:10.1891/vv-v21i6a006
17.
OrchowskiL. M.GidyczC. A. (2012). To whom do college women confide following sexual assault? A prospective study of predictors of sexual assault disclosure and social reactions. Violence Against Women, 18, 264-288. doi:10.1177/1077801212442917
18.
OrchowskiL. M.UntiedA. S.GidyczC. A. (2013). Social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization and adjustment among survivors of sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 2005-2023. doi:10.1177/0886260512471085
19.
PaulL. A.WalshK.McCauleyJ. L.RuggieroK. J.ResnickH. S.KilpatrickD. G. (2013). College women’s experiences with rape disclosure: A national study. Violence Against Women, 19, 486-502. doi:10.1177/1077801213487746
20.
PaulL. A.ZinzowH. M.McCauleyJ. L.KilpatrickD. G.ResnickH. S. (2014). Does encouragement by others increase rape reporting? Findings from a national sample of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 222-232. doi:10.1177/0361684313501999
21.
RelyeaM.UllmanS. E. (2015). Unsupported or turned against: Understanding how two types of negative social reactions to sexual assault relate to post-assault outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 37-52. doi:10.1177/0361684313512610
22.
SabinaC.HoL. Y. (2014). Campus and college victim responses to sexual assault and dating violence: Disclosure, service utilization, and service provision. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15, 201-226. doi:10.1177/1524838014521322
23.
Savin-BadenM.MajorC. H. (2013). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. London, England: Routledge.
24.
StarzynskiL. L.UllmanS. E.FilipasH. H.TownsendS. M. (2005). Correlates of women’s sexual assault disclosure to informal and formal support sources. Violence and Victims, 20, 417-432. doi:10.1891/vivi.2005.20.4.417
25.
SuzukiY. E.BonnerH. S. (2017). Factors associated with college students’ responses to rape-disclosure scenarios: Influence of gender, rape characteristics, and opinions about health professionals. Journal of School Violence, 16, 160-172. doi:10.1080/15388220.2017.1284482
26.
SylaskaK. M.EdwardsK. M. (2014). Disclosure of intimate partner violence to informal social support network members: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15, 3-21. doi:10.1177/1524838013496335
27.
UllmanS. E. (1996). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual assault disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 554-571. doi:10.1177/088626096011004007
28.
UllmanS. E. (1999). Social support and recovery from sexual assault: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4, 343-358. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00006-8
29.
UllmanS. E.Peter-HageneL. C. (2016). Longitudinal relationships of social reactions, PTSD, and revictimization in sexual assault survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 1074-1094. doi:10.1177/0886260514564069
30.
WalshW. A.BanyardV. L.MoynihanM. M.WardS.CohnE. S. (2010). Disclosure and service use on a college campus after an unwanted sexual experience. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 134-151. doi:10.1080/15299730903502912