Using data from a nationally representative sample of college women, the current study examines attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a potential risk factor in the prediction of sexual victimization among college women and as an extension of the lifestyles/routine activities framework. The findings indicate that college women with ADHD experienced sexual victimization at significantly higher rates than college women without ADHD. Furthermore, ADHD emerged as a significant predictor of sexual victimization across models. The lifestyles/routine activities theory also received general support, particularly for the concepts of exposure, proximity, and guardianship. This research suggests that other risk factors outside the lifestyles/routine activities framework are important in the prediction of sexual victimization in college women.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2.
BarkleyR.FischerM.SmallishL.FletcherK. (2004). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Antisocial activities and drug use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 195-211.
3.
CassA. I. (2007). Routine activities and sexual assault: An analysis of individual and school-level factors. Violence and Victims, 22, 350-366.
4.
CohenL. E.FelsonM. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
5.
CuevasC. A.FinkelhorD.OrmrodR.TurnerH. (2009). Psychiatric diagnosis as a risk marker for victimization in a national sample of children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 636-652.
6.
U.S. Department of Education. Department of Education Statistics. (2011). The digest of education statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/.
7.
DuPaulG.WeyandtL.O’DellS.VarejaoM. (2009). College students with ADHD: Current status and future directions. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 234-250.
8.
FinkelhorD.AsdigianN. L. (1996). Risk factors for youth victimization: Beyond a lifestyles/routine activities theory approach. Violence and Victims, 11, 3-19.
9.
FisherB. S.CullenF. T.TurnerM. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
10.
FisherB. S.CullenF. T.TurnerM. G. (2002). Being pursued: Stalking victimization in a national sample of college women. Criminology and Public Policy, 1, 257-308.
11.
FisherB. S.SloanJ. J.CullenF. T.LuC. (1998). Crime in the ivory tower: The level and sources of student victimization. Criminology, 36, 671-710.
12.
FranklinC. A.FranklinT. W.NoblesM. R.KercherG. A. (2012). Assessing the effect of routine activity theory and self-control on property, personal, and sexual assault victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 1296-1315.
13.
GreydanusD.PrattH.PatelD. (2007). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: The child, adolescent, and adult. Disease a Month, 53, 70-131.
14.
GudjonssonG.SigurdssonJ.EyjolfsdottirG.SmariJ.YoungS. (2009). The relationship between satisfaction with life, ADHD symptoms, and associated problems among university students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 507-515.
15.
HindelangM. J.GottfredsonM. R.GarofaloJ. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
16.
IngramS.HechtmanL.MorgensternG. (1999). Outcome issues in ADHD: Adolescent and adult long-term outcome. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 243-250.
17.
KesslerR. C.AdlerL.BarkleyR.BiedermanJ.ConnersC. K.DemlerO.. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.
18.
KilpatrickC.ResnickH. S.RuggieroK. J.ConcoscentiL. M.McCauleyJ. M. (2007). Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: A national study (No. NCJ 219181-Final Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
19.
KossM. P.GidyczC. A.WisniewskiN. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162-170.
20.
KrebsC. P.LindquistC. H.WarnerT. D.FisherB. S.MartinS. (2007). The campus sexual assault (CSA) study (NCJ 221153-Final Report). Washington, DC: Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
21.
LewandowskiL.LovettB.CoddingR.GordonM. (2008). Symptoms of ADHD and academic concerns in college students with and without ADHD diagnoses. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 156-161.
22.
MannuzzaS.KleinR. G.BonaguraN.MalloyP.GiampinoT. L.AddalliK. A. (1991). Hyperactive boys almost grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 77-83.
23.
Mohler-KuoM.DowdallG. W.KossM. P.WechslerH. (2004). Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 37-45.
MurrayS. (2010, April28). Grads head to college in record numbers. Wall Street Journal. Available from http://online.wsj.com/
26.
MustaineE. E.TewksburyR. (1998). Predicting risks of larceny theft victimization: A routine activity analysis using refined lifestyle measures. Criminology, 36, 829-858.
27.
MustaineE. E.TewksburyR. (1999). A routine activity theory explanation for women’s stalking victimizations. Violence Against Women, 5, 43-62.
28.
MustaineE. E.TewksburyR. (2002). Sexual assault of college women: A feminist interpretation of a routine activities analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 27, 89-122.
29.
RabinerD.AnastopoulosA.CostelloJ.HoyleR.SwartzwelderH. S. (2008). Adjustment to college in students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 689-699.
30.
ResnickR. (2005). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in teens and adults: They don’t all outgrow it. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 529-533.
31.
SchreckC. J. (1999). Criminal victimization and low self-control: An extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 16, 633-654.
32.
SchwartzM. D.PittsV. L. (1995). Exploring a feminist routine activities approach to explaining sexual assault. Justice Quarterly, 12, 9-28.
33.
SheaB.WienerJ. (2003). Social exile: The cycle of peer victimization for boys with ADHD. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 18, 55-90.
34.
TaylorL. A.TwymanM. M. (2010). Adding insult to injury: Bullying experiences of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children’s Health Care, 39, 59-72.
35.
TheriaultS.HolmbergD. (2001). Impulsive, but violent? Are components of the attention deficit-hyperactivity syndrome associated with aggression in relationships?Violence Against Women, 7, 1464-1489.
36.
UllmanS. E.KarabatsosG.KossM. P. (1999). Alcohol and sexual assault in a national sample of college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 603-625.
37.
UnneverJ.CornellD. (2003). Bullying, self-control, and ADHD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 129-147.
38.
UnneverJ.CullenF.PrattT. (2003). Parental management, ADHD, and delinquent involvement: Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory. Justice Quarterly, 20, 471-500.
39.
WaiteR. (2010). Women with ADHD: It is an explanation, not the excuse du jour. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46, 182-196.
40.
WeissM.MurrayC. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168, 715-722.
41.
WenderP. H.WolfL. E.WassersteinJ. (2001). Adults with ADHD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 6, 1-16.
42.
WeyandtL.DuPaulG. (2006). ADHD in college students. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 9-19.
43.
WhiteJ.BuehlerC. (2012). Adolescent sexual victimization, ADHD symptoms, and risky sexual behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 27, 123-132.
44.
WienerJ.MakM. (2009). Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 46, 116-131.
45.
WilensT.BiedermanJ.MickE.FaraoneS. V.SpencerT. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with early onset substance use disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 475-482.
46.
WilensT.FaraoneS. V.BiedermanJ.GunawardeneS. (2003). Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111, 179-185.
47.
WilensT.SpencerT.BiedermanJ. (1995). Are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the psychoactive substance abuse disorders really related?Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 160-162.
48.
YoungS.GudjonssonG. (2006). ADHD symptomatology and its relationship with emotional, social, and delinquency problems. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12, 463-471.
49.
YoungS.TooneE.TysonC. (2003). Comorbidity and psychosocial profile of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 743-755.
