The present study describes the 4- and 7-month postintervention outcomes of a sexual assault risk reduction program for women, which was part of an evaluation that included a prevention program for men. Relative to the control group, participants evidenced more relational sexual assertiveness and self-protective behavior, and were more likely to indicate that they utilized active verbal and physical self-defense strategies. Whether or not women experienced subsequent victimization did not differ between groups. Relative to control group women who were victimized, program participants who were victimized between the 4- and 7-month follow-up blamed the perpetrator more and evidenced less self-blame.
AjzenI. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
2.
AndersonL. A.WhistonS. C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic examination of their effectiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 374-388. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00237.x
3.
BanduraA. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
4.
BerkowitzA. D. (1994). A model acquaintance rape prevention program for men. In BerkowitzA. (Ed.), Men and rape: Theory, research, and prevention programs in higher education (pp. 35-42). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
5.
BerkowitzA. D. (2002). Fostering men’s responsibility for preventing sexual assault. In ScheweP. A. (Ed.), Preventing violence in relationships: Interventions across the life span (pp. 163-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6.
BrecklinL. R. (2008). Evaluation outcomes of self-defense training for women. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 60-76. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.10.001
7.
BrecklinL. R.UllmanS. E. (2004). Correlates of postassault self-defense/assertiveness training participation for sexual assault survivors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 147-158. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00131.x
8.
BreitenbecherK. H. (2008). The convergent validities of two measures of dating behaviors related to risk for sexual victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 1095-1107. doi:10.1177/088626050731397
9.
BreitenbecherK. H.GidyczC. A. (1998). An empirical evaluation of a program designed to reduce the risk of multiple sexual victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 472-488. doi:10.1177/088626098013004004
10.
BrenerN. D.McMahonP. M.WarrenC. W.DouglasK. A. (1999). Forced sexual intercourse and associated health-risk behaviors among female college students in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 252-259. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.67.2.252
11.
ClassenC. C.PaleshO. G.AggarwalR. (2005). Sexual revictimization: A review of the empirical literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6, 103-129. doi:10.1177/1524838005275087
12.
GidyczC. A.CobleC. N.LathamL.LaymanM. J. (1993). Sexual assault experience in adulthood and prior victimization experiences: A prospective analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 151-168. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00441.x
13.
GidyczC. A.LynnS. J.RichC. L.LohC.MarioniN. L.OrchowskiL. M. (2006). The Ohio University Sexual Assault Risk Reduction Program (Unpublished manuscript).
14.
GidyczC. A.LynnS. J.RichC. L.MarioniN. L.LohC.BlackwellL. M.. (2001). The evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction program: A multisite investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1073-1078. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.69.6.1073
15.
GidyczC. A.OrchowskiL. M.EdwardsK. (2011). Primary prevention of sexual violence. In KossM.WhiteJ.KazdinA. (Eds.), Violence against women and children (Vol. 2, pp. 159-179). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
16.
GidyczC. A.OrchowskiL. M.KingC. R.RichC. L. (2008). Sexual victimization and health-risk behaviors: A prospective analysis of college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 744-763. doi:10.1177/0886260507313944
17.
GidyczC. A.RichC. L.OrchowskiL.KingC.MillerA. K. (2006). The evaluation of a sexual assault self-defense and risk-reduction program for college women: A prospective study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 173-186. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00280.x
18.
GylysJ. A.McNamaraJ. R. (1996). Acceptance of rape myths among prosecuting attorneys. Psychological Reports, 79, 15-18.
19.
HansonK. A.GidyczC. A. (1993). An evaluation of a sexual assault prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1046-1052. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.61.6.1046
20.
HochmanG. M. (1958). Public participation in medical screening programs: A socio-psychological study (PHS Publication No. 572). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6264119M/
21.
KarjaneH. M.FisherB. S.CullenF. T. (2005). Sexual assault on campus: What colleges and universities are doing about it. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
22.
KilpatrickD. G.ResnickH. S.RugieroK. J.ConsoscentiL. M.McCauleyJ. (2007). Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: A national study. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/219181.pdf
23.
KossM. P.GidyczC. A. (1985). Sexual Experiences Survey: Reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 422-423. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.422
24.
KossM. P.OrosC. J. (1982). Sexual Experiences Survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 455-457. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.455
25.
KrebsC. P.LindquistC. H.WarnerT. D.FisherB. S.MartinS. L. (2009). College women’s experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enable and drug facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college. Journal of American College Health, 57, 639-647. doi:10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649
26.
LaymanM. J.GidyczC. A.LynnS. J. (1996). Unacknowledged versus acknowledged rape victims: Situational factors and posttraumatic stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 124-131. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.124
27.
LonswayK.BanyardV.BerkowitzA. D.GidyczC. A.JacksonK.KossM. P.. (2009). Rape prevention and risk reduction: Review of the research literature for practitioners. Harrisburg, PA: VAWnet, a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence/Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Available from http://www.vawnet.org
28.
MarxB. P.CalhounK. S.WilsonA.MeyersonL. A. (2001). Sexual revictimization prevention: An outcome evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 25-32. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.69.1.25
29.
MooreC. D.WatermanC. K. (1999). Predicting self-protection against sexual assault in dating relationships among heterosexual men and women, gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 132-140.
30.
MorrisonS.HardisonJ.MathewA.O’NeilJ. (2004). An evidence-based review of sexual assault preventive intervention programs. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
31.
NuriusP. S. (2000). Risk perception for acquaintance sexual aggression: A social-cognitive perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 63-78. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00003-2
32.
OrchowskiL. M.GidyczC. A.RaffleH. (2008). Evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction and self-defense program: A prospective analysis of a revised protocol. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 204-218. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00425.x
33.
OzerE. M.BanduraA. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 472-486. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.3.472
34.
PettyR. E.CacioppoJ. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
35.
RichC. L.GidyczC. A.WarkentinJ. B.LohC.WeilandP. (2005). Child and adolescent abuse and subsequent victimization: A prospective study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1373-1394. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.07.003
36.
RozeeP. D.KossM. P. (2001). Rape: A century of resistance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 25, 295-311. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00030
37.
ScheweP. A.O’DonohueW. (1993). Rape prevention: Methodological problems and new directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 667-682. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90032-H
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
40.
TashakkoriA.TeddlieC. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41.
TurchikJ. A.ProbstD. R.ChauM.NigoffA.GidyczC. A. (2007). Factors predicting the use of resistance tactics: A prospective study of college women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 605-614. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.4.605
42.
WalkerD. P. (2006). Impaired sexual assertiveness and consensual sexual activity as risk factors for sexual coercion in heterosexual college women (Unpublished master’s thesis). Miami University of Ohio, Oxford.
