State Free Expression Laws and Scholastic Press Censorship

Arkansas Student Publications Act, Ark. Stat. 6–18–1203 (1995).

Bethel School District v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 1986.

Bowles D. (1989, January). Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier. National press reaction to the decision and its impact in Tennessee high schools. Paper presented at the midwinter meeting of the Secondary Education Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.

Click J. W. Kopenhaver L. L. (1986, August). Principals' and newspaper advisors' attitudes toward freedom of the student press in the United States. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, Okla.

Click J. W. Kopenhaver L. L. Hatcher L. (1993). Attitudes of principals and teachers toward student press freedom following Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier. Journalism Educator 48(1), 59–70.

Crow L. R. (1992). The impact of Texas high school students' and principals' perceptions of student press freedom following the Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier Supreme Court decision. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla.

Dickson T. (1989). Attitudes of high school principals about press freedom after Hazelwood. Journalism Quarterly 66, 169–173.

Dickson T. (1994). Self-censorship and freedom of the public high school press. Journalism Educator, 49 (3), 56–63.

Dickson T. Paxton M. (1997, January). Determining the “Hazelwood effect” and factors affecting advisors' attitudes toward scholastic press freedom: Should we believe Chicken Little or Dr. Pangloss? Paper presented at the mid-winter meeting of the Scholastic Journalism Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Indianapolis, Ind.

Dvorak J. (1992). Secondary School Journalism in the United States. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, High School Journalism Institute. Journalism Education Association.

Dvorak J. Lain L. Dickson T. (1994). Journalism Kids Do Better. Indianapolis, Ind.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication.

Eveslage T. (1992, August). The federal courts and educational policy: Paternalism, political correctness and student expression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Montreal, Quebec.

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 480 U.S. 260 (1988).

Hernandez D. G. (1995, September 16). Censorship in the schools. Editor & Publisher 128(37), 12–13.

Illinois lawmakers back off support for anti-Hazelwood law after 11th hour opposition by school officials. [on-line] Student Press Law Center press release. Available: http://www.splc.org/newsflashes/111797ilbill.html.

Kincaid v. Gibson, 191 F. 3d 719 (6th Cir., 719).

Kovas M. (1991, February-March). The impact of Hazelwood in the state of Indiana, Quill & Scroll 65(3), 4–8.

Kristof N. D. (1983). Freedom of the High School Press. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.

Lain L. B. (1992, August). A national study of high school newspaper programs: Environmental and advisor characteristics, funding and pressures on free expression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Montreal, Quebec.

Plopper B. L. Downs W.D. Jr. (1998, Spring). Arkansas Student Publications Act: Implementation and effects. Journalism Educator 53(1), 74–84.

Renfro P. Renfro B. Bennett R. (1988). Expectations of change in the high school press after Hazelwood: A survey of Texas high school principals, newspaper advisors and newspaper editors. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal 4, 63–75.

Ricchiardi S. (1990, February-March). Despite the chilling effect, there is life after Hazelwood, Quill & Scroll 64(3), 6.

Right of Students to Freedom of Expression, Mass. Ann. ch. 71 § 82 (1974).

Rights of Free Expression for Public School Students, Col. Rev. Stat. 22–1–120 (1990).

Salomone R. C. (1992) Free speech and school governance in the wake of Hazelwood. Georgia Law Review 26(2), 253–322.

Student Exercise of Free Expression, Iowa Code§ 281–22 (1989).

Student Exercise of Freedom of Speech and Press, Cal. Ed. Code § 48907 (1983).

Student Press Law Center. (1994). Law of the Student Press. Arlington, Va.: Student Press Law Center.

Student Publications Act, Kan. Stat. Ann. § 72–1504 (1992).

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).

Trager R. Russomanno J. A. (1993, August). “Free speech for public school students: A basic educational mission.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Kansas City, Mo.