When Empathy Helps and Hurts: Non-Linear Associations Between Early Childhood Maltreatment History,Empathy and Self-Harm Thoughts

Abstract

Child maltreatment is a well-established risk factor for self-harm, yet the affective processes underlying this association remain unclear. This study examines how empathy relates to the association between early childhood maltreatment and lifetime self-harm thoughts. Data from 303 adults were stratified based on the presence or absence of maltreatment history in early childhood. Self-reports of lifetime self-harm thoughts in adulthood and empathy during adolescence were examined in both groups using generalized additive models to assess non-linear relationships. Adults with early childhood maltreatment history were more likely to report self-harm thoughts than those without the history (χ² = 14.87, p < .01). A significant nonlinear association was observed between empathy and self-harm thoughts (effective degrees of freedom (edf) = 2.14, χ² = 9.67, p = .02), such that predicted probabilities of self-harm thoughts were lowest at moderate levels of empathy for both groups. Risk for self-harm thoughts was highest among individuals with early childhood maltreatment history and low or high empathy. While a moderate level of empathy can be protective from early childhood maltreatment, both low and high levels of empathy appear to increase the risk for self-harm thoughts. Findings suggest the need to further investigate the role of empathy as a “risky strength” among adults, particularly among those with histories of childhood maltreatment.