We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study to help elucidate the predictive relationship between a maternal prebirth selfreported history of intimate partner violence (IPV) and any postbirth reported allegation to Child Protective Services (CPS) by age 2. We linked data from the 2009–2010 Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System with CPS data through 2012. Among this cohort, we found that 8.0%w self-reported experiencing IPV 12 months prior or during pregnancy, and 8.0%w of the offspring experienced at least one CPS report of alleged maltreatment during the study period. The predictive relationship varied by maternal educational attainment. Among mothers with 12+ years education completed, the odds of a CPS report were 3.9 times compared to those with no IPV, while among mothers with <12 years education completed, no association was noted. These results suggest that for a subset of Alaskan families, maternal history of IPV is a strong independent predictor of future CPS contact.
AlEissaM. A.FlukeJ. D.GerbakaB.GoldbeckL.GrayJ.HunterN. … TonmyrL. (2009). A commentary on national child maltreatment surveillance systems: Examples of progress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 809–814.
2.
BowenE.HeronJ.WaylenA.WokleD., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2005). Domestic violence risk during and after pregnancy: Findings from a British longitudinal study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, 1083–1089.
3.
BreidingM. J.ChenJ.BlackM. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States - 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4.
BrownD. S.FangX.FlorenceC. S. (2011). Medical costs attributable to child maltreatment a systematic review of short- and long-term effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41, 627–635.
5.
BuckinghamE. T.DaniolosP. (2013). Longitudinal outcomes for victims of child abuse. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 342.
6.
BurchR. L.GallupG. G.Jr. (2004). Pregnancy as stimulus for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 243–247.
7.
CasanuevaC.MartinS. (2007). Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and mothers’ child abuse potential. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 603–621.
8.
ChanK. L.BrownridgeD. A.FongD. Y.TiwariA.LeungW. C.HoP. C. (2012). Violence against pregnant women can increase the risk of child abuse: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 275–284.
9.
CohenW. W.RavikumarP. D.FienbergS. E. (2003). A comparison of string distance metrics for name-matching tasks. Proceedings of the IJCAI-2003 Workshop on Information Integration on the Web (IIWeb-03), 73–78. Retrieved from November 6, 2015, https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pradeepr/papers/ijcai03.pdf
10.
CokerA. L.DavisK. E.AriasI.DesaiS.SandersonM.BrandtH. M.SmithP. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 260–268.
DesaiS.AlvaS. (1998). Maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship?Demography, 35, 71–81.
13.
DubeS. R.AndaR. F.FelittiV. J.EdwardsV. J.WilliamsonD. F. (2002). Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: Implications for health and social services. Violence and Victims, 17, 3–17.
14.
DubowitzH.FeigelmanS.LaneW.KimJ. (2009). Pediatric primary care to help prevent child maltreatment: The safe environments for every kid (SEEK) model. Pediatrics, 123, 858–864.
15.
DuttonM. A.GreenB. L.KaltmanS. I.RoeschD. M.ZeffiroT. A.KrauseE. D. (2006). Intimate partner violence, PTSD, and adverse health outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 955–968.
16.
EdlesonJ. L.MbilinyiL. F.BeemanS. K.HagemeisterA. K. (2003). How children are involved in adult domestic violence: Results from a four city telephone survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 18–32.
17.
EwigmanB.KivlahanC.LandG. (1993). The Missouri child fatality study: Underreporting of maltreatment fatalities among children younger than five years of age, 1983 through 1986. Pediatrics, 91, 330–337.
18.
GellesR. J. (2000). Estimating the incidence and prevalence of violence against women national data systems and sources. Violence Against Women, 6, 784–804.
19.
GuoS. F.WuJ. L.QuC. Y.YanR. Y. (2004). Physical and sexual abuse of women before, during, and after pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 84, 281–286.
20.
HambyS.FinkelhorD.TurnerH.OrmrodR. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 734–741.
21.
HerrenkohlT. I.SousaC.TajimaE. A.HerrenkohlR. C.MoylanC. A. (2008). Intersections of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9, 84–99.
22.
KaessM.ParzerP.MatternM.PlenerP. L.BifulcoA.ReschF.BrunnerR. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on frequency, severity, and the individual function of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth. Psychiatry Research, 206, 265–272.
23.
Kendall-TacketK. A. (2007). Violence against women and the perinatal period: The impact of lifetime violence and abuse on pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8, 344–353.
24.
KielyM.El-MohandesA. A.El-KorazatyM. N.BlakeS. M.GantzM. G. (2010). An integrated intervention to reduce intimate partner violence in pregnancy: A random controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 115, 273–283.
25.
LiebschutzJ. M.RothmanE. F. (2012). Intimate-partner violence—what physicians can do. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 2701–2703.
26.
MacMillanH. L.WathenC. N.JamiesonE.BoyleM. H.ShannonH. S.Ford-GilboeM.CampbellJ. C. (2009). Screening for intimate partner violence in health care settings: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 493–501.
27.
MartinS. L.MackieL.KupperL. L.BuescherP. A.MoraccoK. E. (2001). Physical abuse of women before, during, and after pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1581–1584.
28.
McGuiganW. M.PrattC. C. (2001). The predictive impact of domestic violence on three types of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 869–883.
29.
NicklasE.MackenzieM. J. (2013). Intimate partner violence and risk for child neglect during early childhood in a community sample of Fragile families. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 17–29.
30.
NormanR. E.ByambaaM.DeR.ButchartA.ScottJ.VosT. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001349.
31.
OsofskyJ. D.FenichelE. (1994). Caring for infants and toddlers in violent environments: Hurt, healing, and hope. United Kingdom: ERIC.
32.
ParrishJ. W.GessnerB. D. (2010). Infant maltreatment-related mortality in Alaska: Correcting the count and using birth certificates to predict mortality. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 951–958.
33.
ParrishJ. W.YoungM. B.Perham-HesterK. A.GessnerB. D. (2011). Identifying risk factors for child maltreatment in Alaska: A population-based approach. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, 666–673.
34.
RennerL. M.SlackK. S. (2006). Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Understanding intra- and intergenerational connections. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 599–617.
35.
RosayA. (2011). Alaska victimization survey. Paper presented at the Joint Meeting of Senate Judiciary Committee and Senate Health and Social Services Committee, Alaska state legislature, University of Alaska anchorage, Juneau, AK.
RunyanD. K.CoxC. E.DubowitzH.NewtonR. R.UpadhyayaM.KotchJ. B.LeebR. T. … KnightE. D. (2005). Describing maltreatment: Do child protective service reports and research definitions agree?Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 461–477.
38.
SchaferJ. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 3–15.
SharpsP. W.LaughonK.GiangrandeS. L. (2007). Intimate partner violence and the childbearing year: Maternal and infant health consequences. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8, 105–116.
41.
ShulmanH. B.GilbertB. C.MsphbrendaC. G.LanskyA. (2006). The pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS): Current methods and evaluation of 2001 response rates. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 121, 74–83.
42.
SilvermanJ. G.DeckerM. R.ReedE.RajA. (2006). Intimate partner violence victimization prior to and during pregnancy among women residing in 26 US states: Associations with maternal and neonatal health. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195, 140–148.
43.
SwainJ.KimP.SpicerJ.HoS.DaytonC.ElmadihA.AbelK. (2014). Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers. Brain Research, 1580, 78–101.
44.
TaylorC. A.GutermanN. B.LeeS. J.RathouzP. J. (2009). Intimate partner violence, maternal stress, nativity, and risk for maternal maltreatment of young children. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 175–183.
45.
TjadenP.ThoennesN. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
WaltermaurerE. (2005). Measuring intimate partner violence (IPV) you may only get what you ask for. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 501–506.
48.
WildemanC.EmanuelN.LeventhalJ. M.Putnam-HornsteinE.WaldfogelJ.LeeH. (2014). The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 706–713.
49.
ZolotorA. J.MotsingerB. M.RunyanD. K.SanfordC. (2005). Building an effective child maltreatment surveillance system in North Carolina. North Carolina Medical Journal, 66, 360–363.
50.
ZolotorA. J.TheodoreA. D.Coyne-BeasleyT.RunyanD. K. (2007). Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Overlapping risk. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7, 305.
