The Impact of Organizational and Managerial Factors on the Quality of Care in Health Care Organizations

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. " Allied Health Perspectives on Guideline Development." AHCPR Notes OM91-0507. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, November 1990.

Alexander, J.A. , and T.L. Amburgey. "The Dynamics of Change in the American Hospital Industry: Transformation or Selection?" Medical Care Review 44, no. 3 (1987): 279-321.

Andersen, T.F. , H. Bronnum-Hansen , T. Sejr , and C. Roepstorff. "Elevated Mortality Following Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Hypertrophy ! But Why?" Medical Care 28, no. 10 (1990): 870-81.

Anderson, O.W. , and M.C. Shields. "Quality Measurement and Control in Physician Decision Making: The State of the Art." Health Services Research 17, no. 2 (Summer 1982 ): 125-55.

Arrington, B. , and C.C. Haddock. "Who Really Profits from Not-For-Profits?" Health Services Research 25, no. 3 (Fall 1980): 291-304.

Barrett, D. , and P.H. Campbell. "Walking Softly: The Role of Management in Altering Physician Practice Patterns in the Hospital Corporation of America." Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 7 (1987): 157-78. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Becker, S. , and D. Neuhauser. The Efficient Organization. New York : Elsevier Press, 1975.

Becker, E.R. , and F.A. Sloan. "Hospital Ownership and Performance." Economic Inquiry 23 (January 1985 ): 21-36.

Berwick, D.M. "Blazing the Trail of Quality: the HFHS Quality Management Process ." Frontiers of Health Services Management 7, no. 4 (1991): 47-50.

Biggs, E.L. , J. Kralewski , and G. Brown. "A Comparison of Contract-Managed and Traditionally Managed Non-Profit Hospitals." Medical Care 18, no. 6 (1980): 585-96.

Bindman, A.B. , D. Keane , and N. Lurie. "A Public Hospital Closes: Impact on Patients' Access to Care and Health Status." Journal of the American Medical Association 264 (1990): 2899-2904.

Borbas, C. , M.A. Stump , K. Dedecker , N. Lurie , D. McLaughlin , and A. Shultz. "The Minnesota Clinical Comparison and Assessment Project ." Quality Review Bulletin 16 (February 1990): 87-92.

Brook, R.H. , J.B. Kosecoff , R.E. Park , M.R. Chassin , C.M. Winslow , and J.R. Hampton. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Disease: Comparison of Doctors' Attitudes in the USA and the UK." The Lancet (1988): 750-53.

Brook, R.H. , and K.N. Lohr. "Efficacy, Effectiveness, Variations and Quality: Boundary-Crossing Research." Medical Care 23, no. 5 (1985): 710-22.

Burns, L.R. , and D.R. Wholey. "The Effects of Patient, Hospital, and Physician Characteristics on Length of Stay and Mortality." Medical Care 29, no. 3 (1991): 251-71.

Chassin, M.R. , J. Kosecoff , R.E. Park , C.M. Winslow , K.L. Kahn , N.J. Merrick , J. Keesey , A. Fink , D.H. Solomon , and R.H. Brook. "Does Inappropriate Use Explain Geographic Variations in the Use of Health Services? A Study of Three Procedures." Journal of the American Medical Association 258, no. 18 (1987): 2533-37.

Cleary, P.D. , and B.J. McNeil. "Patient Satisfaction as an Indicator of Quality Care ." Inquiry 25, no. 1 (1988): 25-36.

Clendenning, M.K. , H. Wolfe , L.J. Shuman , and G.A. Huber. "The Effect of a Target Date-Based Utilization Review Program on LOS." Medical Care 14, no. 9 (1976): 751-64.

Cohen, F. , and R.S. Lazarus. "Coping with the Stresses of Illness." In Health Psychology, edited by G. Stone , F. Cohen , and N. E. Adler. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass , 1979, 217-54.

Cohen, S.N. , A.B. Flood , D.U. Himmelberger , R.J. Mangini , and T.N. Moore. Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of the Monitoring and Evaluation of Drug Interactions by a Pharmacy-Oriented Report System (MEDIPHOR) HS00739. Final Report to the National Center for Health Services Research. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1980.

Collins, V. "A Multi-Institutional Approach to the Assurance of Quality." In Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance, edited by R. D. Luke , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983, pp. 281-94.

Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities (CPHA). "Cholecystectomy Mortality." PAS Reporter 8, no. 8 (April 1970 ).

Comstock, D.E. , and W.R. Scott. "Technology and the Structure of Subunits: Distinguishing Individual and Workgroup Effects." Administrative Science Quarterly 22, no. 2 (1977): 177-201.

Cooney, J.P. , and T.L. Alexander. Multihospital System: An Evaluation, Parts 1-4. Chicago: Health Services Research Center of the Hospital Research And Educational Trust and Northwestern University , 1975.

Cromwell, J. , J.B. Mitchell , and W.B. Stason. "Learning by Doing in CABG Surgery." Medical Care 28, no. 1 (1990): 6-18.

Dagnone, A. "A Study of Multiple Unit Hospital Systems." Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1967.

Davies, A.R. , and J.E. Ware, Jr. "Involving Consumers in Quality of Care Assessment." Health Affairs 7, no. 1 (1988): 33-48.

Deming, W.E. Out of the Crisis. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986.

Des Harnais, S. , L.F. McMahon, Jr. , R.T. Wroblewski , and A.J. Hogan. "Measuring Hospital Performance: The Development and Validation of Risk-Adjusted Indexes of Mortality, Readmissions, and Complications." Medical Care 28 (1990): 1127-41.

Donabedian, A. "Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44, no. 3, part 2 (1966): 166-203.

—. The Definition of Quality and Approaches to its Assessment. Vol. 1: Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring . Ann Arbor: Health Administration Press, 1980.

—. "Continuity and Change in the Quest for Quality." Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care 1, no. 1 (1993): 9-16.

Donabedian, A. , J.R.C. Wheeler , and L. Wyszewianski . "Quality, Cost, and Health: An Integrative Model." Medical Care 20, no. 10 (1982): 975-92.

Dranove, D. "A Comment on 'Does Practice Make Perfect?'." Medical Care 22, no. 10 (1984): 967.

Dranove, D. , and W.D. White. "Agency and the Organization of Health Care." Inquiry 24, no. 4 (1987): 405-15.

Dyck, F.J. , F.A. Murphy , J.K. Murphy , D.A. Road , M.S. Boyd , E. Osborne , D. DeVlieger , B. Korchinski , C. Ripley , A.J. Bromley , and P.B. Innes. "The Effect of Surveillance on the Number of Hysterectomies in the Province of Saskatchewan." The New England Journal of Medicine 296, no. 23 (1977): 1326-28.

Eisenberg, J.M. Doctors' Decisions and the Cost of Medical Care: The Reasons for Doctors' Practice and Ways to Change Them. Ann Arbor: Health Administration Press Perspectives, 1986 .

Eisenberg, J.M. , and A. Kabcenell. "Organized Practice and the Quality of Medical Care." Inquiry 25, no. 1 (1988): 78-89.

Ellwood, P.H., Jr. "When MDs meet DRGs." Hospital 57, no. 24 (1983): 62-66.

Enthoven, A.C. Health Plan: The Only Practical Solution to the Soaring Cost of Medical Care . Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1980.

—. "Managed Competition." Health Affairs 12 (Supplement, 1993): 24-48.

Ermann, D. , and J. Gabel. "Multihospital Systems: Issues and Empirical Findings ." Health Affairs 3, no. 1 (1984): 50-64.

Fama, E.F. "Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm." Journal of Political Economy 88, no. 2 (1980): 288-307.

Feldman, R. , J. Kralewski , and B. Dowd. "Health Maintenance Organizations: The Beginning or the End? Health Services Research 24, no. 2 (June 1989): 191-211.

Feldstein, P.J. , T.M. Wickizer , and J.R. Wheeler. "Private Cost Containment: The Effects of Utilization Review Programs on Health Care Use and Expenditures." The New England Journal of Medicine 318, no. 20 (1988): 1310-14.

Fennell, M.L. "The Effects of Environmental Characteristics on the Structure of Hospital Clusters." Administrative Science Quarterly 25, no. 3 (1980): 485-510.

Fennell, M.L. , and J.A. Alexander. "Organizational Boundary Spanning in Institutionalized Environments." Academy of Management Journal 30 (September 1987): 456-76.

Fennell, M.L. , and J.A. Alexander. "Governing Boards and Profound Organizational Change in Hospitals." Medical Care Review 46, no. 2 (Summer 1989): 157-87.

Fennell, M.L. , and J.A. Alexander. "Perspectives on Organizational Change in the U.S. Medical Care Sector." In Annual Review of Sociology, edited by J. Blake and J. Hagan. Palo Alto, CA: vol. 19, 1993, pp. 89-112.

Fetter, R.B. , R.E. Mills , D.C. Riedel , and J.D. Thompson. "The Application of Diagnostic Specific Cost Profiles to Cost and Reimbursement Control in Hospitals." Journal of Medical Systems 1, no. 2 (1977): 137-49.

Fifer, W.R. "Integrating Quality Assurance Mechanisms." In Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance, edited by R. D. Luke , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983, pp. 217-30.

Fleming, G.V. "Hospital Structure and Consumer Satisfaction." Health Services Research 16, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 43-64.

Flood, A.B. "Peaks and Pits of Using Large Data Bases to Measure Quality of Care ." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, no. 2 (1990): 253-62.

Flood, A.B. , A. Fremont , E. Goodrick , K. Jin , and C. White. "Sociological Approaches to Examining Resource Use in Managed Care . In Primary Care Research : Theory and Methods, edited by H. Hibbard , P. A. Nutting , M. L. Grady. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1991, pp. 127-38.

Flood, A.B. , A. Fremont , E. Goodrick , and R. Parker, Jr. "Organizational Culture, Financial Incentives, and Performance: Variation in Ambulatory Care Setting." Paper presented at annual meetings of the Association for Health Services Research, Washington, DC, June 1990.

Flood, A.B. , and W.R. Scott. "Processional Power and Professional Effectiveness : The Power of the Surgical Staff and the Quality of Surgical Care in Hospitals ." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 19, no. 3 (1978): 240-54.

Flood, A.B. , W.R. Scott, and Associates. Hospital Structure and Performance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

Flood, A.B. , W.R. Scott , and W. Ewy. "Does Practice Make Perfect? Part I: The Relation between Hospital Volume and Outcomes for Selected Diagnostic Categories." Medical Care 22, no. 2 (1984a): 98-114.

Flood, A.B. , W.R. Scott , and W. Ewy. "Does Practice Make Perfect? Part II: The Relation between Volume and Outcomes and Other Hospital Characteristics." Medical Care 22 (1984b): 115-25.

Folland, S. , and M. Stano. "Small Area Variations: A Critical Review of Propositions, Methods, and Evidence." Medical Care Review 47, no. 3 (Fall 1990 ): 419-65.

Forrest, Jr., W.H. Personal communication, 1974.

Freidson, E. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge . New York: Dodd, Mead and Company , 1978.

—. Professional Powers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

Freidson, E. , and B. Rhea. "Processes of Control in a Company of Equals." Social Problems 11 (1963 ): 119-31.

Friedman, B. , and S. Shortell. "The Financial Performance of Selected Investor-Owned and Not-For-Profit System Hospitals before and after Medicare Prospective Payment . Health Services Research 23, no. 2 (June 1988): 237-67.

Garber, A.M. , V.R. Fuchs , and J.F. Silverman. "Casemix, Costs and Outcomes: Difference between Faculty and Community Services in a University Hospital." The New England Journal of Medicine 310, no. 19 (1984): 1231-37.

Georgopoulos, B.S. , and F.C. Mann. The Community General Hospital. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

Ginn, G.O. "Strategic Change in Hospitals: An Examination of the Response of the Acute Care Hospital to the Turbulent Environment of the 1980s." Health Services Research 25, no. 5 (December 1990): 565-91.

Goss, M.E.W. "Organization Goals and Quality of Medical Care: Evidence from Comparative Research on Hospitals." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 11, no. 4 ( 1970): 255-68.

Gray, B. H. (ed.). For-Profit Enterprise in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1986.

Gustafson, D.H. , F.C. Sainfort , R. Van Konigsveld , and D.R. Zimmerman. "The Quality Assessment Index (QAI) for Measuring Nursing Home Quality." Health Services Research 25, no. 1, Part 1 (April 1990): 97-127.

Hall, M.A. "Institutional Control of Physician Behavior: Legal Barriers to Health Care Cost Containment." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 137 (1988): 431-536.

Halloran, E.J. , and M. Kiley. "Nursing Dependency, Diagnosis-Related Groups, and Lengths of Hospital Stay." Health Care Financing Review 8, no. 1 (1987): 27-36.

Hannan, E.L. , J.F. O'Donnell , H. Kilburn, Jr. , H.R. Bernard , and A. Yazici. "Investigation of the Relationship between Volume and Mortality for Surgical Procedures Performed in New York State Hospitals." Journal of the American Medical Association 262 (1989): 503-10.

Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). Medicare Hospital Mortality Information. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1986 .

Heatherington, R.W. "Quality Assurance and Organizational Effectiveness in Hospitals." Health Services Research 17, no. 2 (Summer 1982): 185-201.

Herzlinger, R.E. , and W.S. Krasker. "Who Profits from Nonprofits?" Harvard Business Review (January-February 1987): 93-106.

Heydebrand, W.V. Hospital Bureaucracy: A Comparative Study of Organizations. New York: Dunellen Press, 1973.

Hillman, A.L. "Financial Incentives for Physicians in HMOs." The New England Journal of Medicine 317, no. 1 (1987): 1743- 48.

Hillman, A.L. , M.V. Pauly , and J.J. Kerstein. "How Do Financial Incentives Affect Physicians' Clinical Decisions and the Financial Performance of Health Maintenance Organizations? " The New England Journal of Medicine 321 (1989): 86-92.

Horn, S.D. "Measuring Severity of Illness: Comparisons across Institutions." American Journal of Public Health 73, no. 1 (1983): 25-31.

Horn, S.D. , G. Bukely , P.D. Sharkey , A.F. Chambers , R.A. Horn , and C.J. Schramm. "Interhospital Differences in the Severity of Illness: Problems for Prospective Payment Based on Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs ." The New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 1 (1985): 20-24.

Hyman, D. , and J. Williamson. "Fraud and Abuse: Setting the Limits on Physicians' Entrepreneurship ." The New England Journal of Medicine 320, no. 19 (1989): 1275-78.

Institute of Medicine. Assessing Medical Technologies . Washington, DC: The National Academy of Sciences Press, 1985.

Jessee, W.F. "Quality Assurance Systems: Why Aren't There Any? Quality Review Bulletin 10, no. 12 (1984): 408-11.

Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. The Joint Commission's Agenda for Change. Chicago: Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 1986.

Kahn, K.L. , E.B. Keeler , M.J. Sherwood , W.H. Rogers , D. Draper , S.S. Bentow , E.J. Reinisch , L.V. Rubenstein , J. Kind , E. A. "Quality Assurance in the Ambulatory Setting." In Innovations in Health Care Quality Measurement, edited by P. L. Spath. Chicago: American Hospital Publishing, Inc., 1987, pp. 113-27.

Kahn, K.L. , J. Kosecoff , M.R. Chassin , M. Flynn , A. Fink , N. Pattaphongse , D.H. Solomon , and R.H. Brook. "Measuring the Clinical Appropriateness of the Use of a Procedure: Can We Do It? Medical Care 26, no. 4 (1988): 415-22.

Kaye, R. "Quality Assurance—A Strategy for Planned Change." In Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance, edited by R. D. Luke , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983, 157-69.

Keeler, E.B. , K.L. Kahn , D. Draper , M.J. Sherwood , L.V. Rubenstein , E.J. Reinisch , J. Kosecoff , and R.H. Brook. "Changes in Sickness at Admission following the Introduction of the Prospective Payment System." Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 15 (1990): 1962-1968.

Keller, R.B. , A.M. Chapin , and D.N. Soule. "Informed Inquiry into Practice Variations: The Maine Medical Assessment Foundation." Quality Assurance in Health Care 2, no. 1 (1990): 69-75.

Keller, R.B. , D.N. Soule , J.E. Wennberg , and D.F. Hanley. "Dealing with Geographic Variations in the Use of Hospitals: The Experience of the Maine Medical Assessment Foundation Orthopedic Study Group." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 72-A (1990): 1286-93.

Kelly, J.V. "What Do Mortality Studies Reveal about Hospital Volume, Teaching Status, and Ownership?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6, no. 2 (1990): 239-52.

Kelly, J.V. , and F.J. Hellinger. "Physician and Hospital Factors Associated with Mortality of Surgical Patients." Medical Care 24, no. 9 (1986): 785-800.

Kind, E.A. , J. Fowles , and C.E. McCoy. "Effectiveness of the Primary Profile in Changing Physician Practice Styles." Paper presented at the American Medical Review Research Center Annual Meetings, Washington, DC, September 1987.

Knaus, W.A. , E.A. Draper , D.P. Wagner , and J.E. Zimmerman. "An Evaluation of Outcome from Intensive Care in a Major Medical Center." Annals of Internal Medicine 104, no. 3 (1986): 410-18.

Kohl, S.G. Prenatal Mortality in New York City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955 .

Komaroff, A.L. "Quality Assurance in 1984." Medical Care 23, no. 5 (1985): 723-38.

Konrad, T.R. , and G.H. DeFriese. "The Impact of Financial and Organizational Changes on Primary Care." In Conference Proceedings: Primary Care Research: An Agenda for the 90s, edited by J. Mayfield and M. L. Grady. Rockville. MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research , 1990.

Kornfeld, D.S. "The Hospital Environment: Its Impact on the Patient." In Coping with Physical Illness, edited by R. H. Moos. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1977, pp. 237-49.

Krakauer, H. "Current Uses of Large Data Sets to Assess Technologies." Presentation to Conference on Measuring Health Care Effectiveness: The Use of Large Data Sets for Technology Assessment and Quality Assessment . Washington, DC, September 1989.

Kramer, A.M. , P.W. Shaughnessy , M.K. Bauman , and K.S. Crisler. "Assessing and Assuring the Quality of Home Health Care: A Conceptual Framework." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 68, no. 3 ( 1990): 413-43.

Kusserow, R.P. Financial Arrangements between Physicians and Health Care Businesses: Report to Congress. Publication No. OAI-12-88-01410. Office of Inspector General, Office of Analysis and Inspections, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, 1989.

Lee, J.A.H. , S.L. Morrison , and J.N. Morris. "Fatality from Three Common Surgical Conditions in Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals." The Lancet (1957 ): 785-90.

Lewin, L.S. , T.J. Eckels , and C.B. Miller. "Setting the Record Straight. The Provision of Uncompensated Care by Not-For-Profit Hospitals." The New England Journal of Medicine 318, no. 18 (1988): 1212-15.

Lipworth, L. , J.A.H. Lee , and J.N. Morris. "Case-Fatality in Teaching and Non-Teaching Hospitals 1956-69." Medical Care 1, no. 1 (1963): 71-76.

Lohr, K.N. , K.D. Yordy , and S.O. Thier. "Current Issues in Quality of Care." Health Affairs 7, no. 1 (1988): 5-18.

Longest, B.B., Jr. "The Relation between Coordination, Efficiency, and Quality of Care in General Hospitals." Hospital Administration 19, no. 1 (1974): 65-86.

Luft, H.S. "Assessing the Evidence on HMO Performance." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 58, no. 4 (1980): 501-36.

Luft, H.S. , J.P. Bunker , and A.C. Enthoven. "Should Operations Be Regionalized ? The Empirical Relation between Surgical Volume and Mortality." The New England Journal of Medicine 301, no. 25 (1979): 1364-69.

Luft, H.S. , D.W. Granick , D.H. Mark , and S.J. McPhee. Hospital Volume, Physician Volume, and Patient Outcomes: Assessing the Evidence. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1990.

Luft, H.S. , S.S. Hunt , and S.C. Maerki. "The Volume-Outcome Relationship: Practice Makes Perfect or Selective Referral Patterns?" Health Services Research 22, no. 2 (June 1987): 157-82.

Luke, R.D. , and W. Boss. "Barriers Limiting the Implementation of Quality Assurance Programs." In Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance, edited by R. D. Luke , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983, 147-55.

Luke, R D. , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow (eds.). Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983.

Maerki, S.C. , H.S. Luft , and S.S. Hunt. "Selecting Categories of Patients for Regionalization: Implications of the Relationship between Volume and Outcome." Medical Care 24, no. 2 (1986): 148-58.

Marmor, T.R. , M. Schlesinger , and R.W. Smithey. "A New Look at Nonprofits: Health Care Policy in a Competitive Age." Yale Journal on Regulation 3, no. 2 (1986): 313-49.

Marshall, M.A. , and S. Perry. Centers of Excellence: A Definition and Policy Proposal . Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Contract Number (DHHS) 100-88-0029, February 1990.

McCarthy, E.G. , and C.W. Widmer. "The Effects of Screening by Consultants on Recommended Elective Surgical Procedures." The New England Journal of Medicine 291, no. 1 (1974): 13-31.

McCloskey, J.C. "Nursing Education and Job Effectiveness." Nursing Research 32, no. 1 (1983): 53-58.

McCloskey, J.C. , and B. McCain. "Nurse Performance: Strengths and Weaknesses." Nursing Research 37, no. 5 (1988): 308-13.

McCoy, C.E. , E.A. Kind , J. Fowles , and E.S. Schned. "Measuring Quality in an HMO: The Primary Care Practice Profile." In Managing Quality Health Care in a Dynamic Era . Washington, DC: The Group Health Association of America, Inc., 1987, pp. 112-17.

Meyer, J.W. , and B. Rowan. "Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony." American Journal of Sociology 83, no. 2 (1977): 340-63.

Meyer, J. , W.R. Scott , and T. Deal. "Institutional and Technical Sources of Organizational Structure: Explaining the Structure of Educational Organizations. In Organization and the Human Services: Cross Disciplinary Reflections , edited by H. Stein. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981, pp. 103-16.

Millman, M. "Medical Mortality Review: A Cordial Affair." In The Unkindest Cut: Life in the Backrooms of Medicine. New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc., 1977, pp. 96-119.

Money, W.H. , D.P. Gilfillan , and R. Duncan. "A Comparative Study of Multi-Unit Health Care Organizations ." In Organizational Research in Hospitals, edited by S. Shortell and M. Brown. Chicago: Inquiry Book, Blue Cross Association, 1976, pp. 29-61.

Morse, E.V. , G. Gordon , and M. Moch. "Hospital Costs and Quality of Care: An Organizational Perspective." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 52, no. 3 (1974): 315-46.

Moseley, S.K. , and R.M. Grimes. "The Organization of Effective Hospitals." Health Care Management Review 1, no. 1 (1976): 13-23.

Nerenz, D.R. , and B.M. Zajac. Indicators of Performance for Vertically Integrated Health Systems: Final Report of 1990 Ray Woodham Visiting Fellowship. Detroit, MI: Center for Health System Studies, Henry Ford Health System, 1991.

Park, R.E. , A. Fink , R.H. Brook, et al. "Physician Ratings of Appropriate Indications for Six Medical and Surgical Procedures." American Journal of Public Health 76 (1986): 766.

Pashos, C.L. , and B.J. McNeil. "Consequences of Variation in Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction." Health Services Research 25, no. 5 (December 1990): 717-22.

Pattison, R.V. , and H.M. Katz. "Investor-Owned and Not-For-Profit Hospitals: A Comparison Based on California Data." The New England Journal of Medicine 309, no. 6 (1983): 347-53.

Pauly, M.V. , A.L. Hillman , and J. Kerstein. "Managing Physician Incentives in Managed Care: The Role of For-Profit Ownership." Medical Care 28 (1990): 1013-24.

Payne, B.C. , and T.F. Lyons. The Episode of Illness Method of Evaluation and Improving Personal Medical Care Quality. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1972.

Payne, B.C. , T.F. Lyons , and E. Neuhaus. "Relationships of Physician Characteristics to Performance Quality and Improvement." Health Services Research 19, no. 3 (August 1984 ): 307-32.

Povar, G. , and J. Moreno. "Hippocrates and the Health Maintenance Organization." Annals of Internal Medicine 109, no. 5 (1988): 419-24.

Price, J.L. , and C.W. Mueller. "A Causal Model of Turnover for Nurses." Academy of Management Journal 24 (September 1981): 543-65.

Rhee, S.O. "Factors Determining the Quality of Physician Performance in Patient Care." Medical Care 14, no. 9 (1976): 733-50.

—. "Relative Importance of Physicians' Personal and Situational Characteristics for the Quality of Patient Care." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 18, no. 1 (1978): 10-15.

Rhee, S.O. , R.D. Luke , and M.B. Culverwell . "Influence of Client/Colleague Dependence on Physician Performance in Patient Care." Medical Care 18, no. 8 (1980): 829-41.

Rhee, S.O. , R.D. Luke , T.F. Lyons , and B. Payne. "Domain of Practice and the Quality of Physician Performance ." Medical Care 19 ( 1981): 14-23.

Roberts, J.S. "Peer Review and Continuous Quality Improvement." In Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. Chicago : Hospital Research and Educational Trust, 1992, 33-54.

Roemer, M.I. , and J.W. Friedman. Doctors in Hospitals: Medical Staff Organization and Hospital Performance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971.

Rogers, W.H. , D. Draper , K.L. Kahn , E.B. Keeler , L.V. Rubenstein , J. Kosecoff , and R.H. Brook. "Quality of Care before and after Implementation of the DRG-Based Prospective Payment System." Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 15 (1990): 1989-94.

Roos, L.L. , N.P. Roos , and S.M. Sharp. "Monitoring Adverse Outcomes of Surgery Using Administrative Data." Health Care Financing Review Annual Supplement (1987): 5-16.

Roos, N.P. "Hysterectomy: Variations in Rates across Small Areas and across Physicians' Practices." American Journal of Public Health 74, no. 4 (1984): 327-35.

Roos, N.P. , G. Flowerdew , A. Wajda , and R.B. Tate. "Variations in Physicians' Hospitalization Practices: A Population-Based Study in Manitoba, Canada." American Journal of Public Health 761, no. 1 (1986): 45-51.

Roos, N.P. , and L.L. Roos. "High and Low Surgical Rates: Risk Factors for Area Residents ." American Journal of Public Health 71, no. 6 (1981): 591-600.

Roos, N.P. , J.E. Wennberg , D.J. Malenka , E.S. Fisher , K. McPherson , T.F. Andersen , M.M. Cohen , and E. Ramsey. "Mortality and Reoperation after Open and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia." The New England Journal of Medicine 320, no. 16 (1989): 1120-24.

Roper, W.L. , and G.M. Hackbarth. "HCFA's Agenda for Promoting High-Quality Care." Health Affairs 7, no. 1 (1988): 91-98.

Rosen, H.M. , and W. Feigin. "Medical Peer Review and Information Management : The Deadend Phenomenon." Health Care Management Review 7, no. 1 (1982): 59-66.

Rubin, H.R. "Can Patients Evaluate the Quality of Hospital Care?" Medical Care Review 47, no. 3 (Fall 1990): 267-326.

Sahney, V.K. "Implementation, Observed Barriers, and Management of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI." In Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice: Exploring Continuous Quality Improvement. Chicago : Hospital Research and Educational Trust, 1992.

Salive, M.E. , J.A. Mayfield , and N.W. Weissman. "Patient Outcomes Research Teams and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research." Health Services Research 25, no. 5 (December 1990): 697-708.

Schein, E.H. Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1985.

Schlesinger, M. , and Robert Dorward. "Ownership and Mental Health Services." The New England Journal of Medicine 311, no. 15 (1985): 959-65.

Schnelle, J.F. , D.R. Newman , and T. Fogarty. "Statistical Quality Control in Nursing Homes: Assessment and Management of Chronic Urinary Incontinence." Health Services Research 25, no. 5 (December 1990): 627-37.

Schoonhoven, C.B. "Problems with Contingency Theory: Testing Assumptions Hidden within the Language of Contingency 'theory'." Administration Science Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1981): 349-77.

Scott, W.R. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981 .

—. "Managing Professional Work: Three Models of Control for Health Organizations ." Health Services Research 17, no. 2 (June 1982): 213-40.

—. "Professionals in Hospitals: Technology and the Organization of Work ." In Organization Research on Health Institutions, edited by B. S. Georgopoulos. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 1972, pp. 139-58.

Scott, W.R. , W.H. Forrest, Jr. , and B.W. Brown, Jr. "Hospital Structure and Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity." In Organizational Research in Hospitals, edited by S. M. Shortell and M. Brown. Chicago: Blue Cross Association, Inquiry Book, 1976, pp. 72-89.

Seligmann J. , and L. Buckley. "A Sickroom with a View." Newsweek, 26 March 1990.

Shanahan, M. "The Quality Assurance Standard of the JCAH: A Rational Approach to Patient Care Evaluation. In Organization and Change in Health Care Quality Assurance, edited by R. D. Luke , J. C. Krueger , and R. E. Modrow. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications, 1983, pp. 21-37.

Sharp, K. "Organizational Determinants of Quality Surgical Care." Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1986.

Shaughnessy, P.W. , R.E. Schlenker , and A.M. Kramer. "Quality of Long-Term Care in Nursing Homes and Swing-Bed Hospitals." Health Services Research 25, no. 1 (April 1990): 65-96.

Shortell, S.M. "Physician Involvement in Hospital Decision Making." In The New Health Care for Profit: Doctors and Hospitals in a Competitive Environment , edited by B. H. Gray. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983, pp. 73-101.

—. "The Evolution of Hospital Systems: Unfulfilled Promises and Self-Fulfilling Prophesies." Medical Care Review 45, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 177-214.

Shortell, S. , and E.F.X. Hughes. "The Effects of Regulation, Competition, and Ownership on Mortality Rates among Hospital Inpatients." The New England Journal of Medicine 318, no. 17 (1988): 1100-1107.

Shortell, S.M. , and J.P. LoGerfo. "Hospital Medical Staff Organization and Quality of Care: Results for Myocardial Infarction and Appendectomy." Medical Care 19, no. 10 (1981): 1041-55.

Shortell, S.M. , S.W. Becker , and D. Neuhauser. "The Effects of Management Practices on Hospital Efficiency and Quality of Care." In Organizational Research in Hospitals , edited by S. M. Shortell and M. Brown. Chicago: Blue Cross Association, Inquiry Book, 1976, pp. 90-112.

Shortell, S.M. , E.M. Morrison , and B. Friedman. Strategic Choices for America's Hospitals: Managing Change in Turbulent Times. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990.

Shortell, S.M. , E.M. Morrison , S.L. Hughes , B. Friedman , J. Coverdill , and L. Berg. "The Effects of Hospital Ownership on Nontraditional Services ." Health Affairs 5, no. 1 (1986): 97-111.

Shortell, S.M. , E.M. Morrison , S.L. Hughes , B.S. Friedman , and J.L. Vitek. "Diversification of Health Care Services: The Effects of Ownership, Environment and Strategy." In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, Vol. 7. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987, pp. 3-40.

Shortell, S.M. , D.M. Rousseau , R.R. Gillies , K.J. Devers , and T.L. Simons. "Organizational Assessment in Intensive Care Units: Construct Development, Reliability, and Validity of the ICU Nurse-Physician Questionnaire ." Medical Care 29, no. 8 (1991): 709-23.

Shortell, S.M. , D.M. Rousseau , E.F.X. Hughes , and R.R. Gillies. Examining the Quality of Care in Intensive Care. Grant No. 18-C-99054/3-01: Final report to Agency for Health Care Policy and Research . Evanston, IL: Northwestern University , 1991.

Showstack, J.A. , K.E. Rosenfeld , D.W. Garnick , H.S. Luft , R.W. Schaffarzick , and J. Fowles. "Association of Volume with Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery." Journal of the American Medical Association 257, no. 6 (1987): 785-89.

Sloan, F.A. , R.D. Feldman , and A.B. Steinwald. "Effects of Teaching on Hospital Costs." Journal of Health Economics 2, no. 1 (1983): 1-28.

Sloan, F.A. , J.M. Perrin , and F. Valvona. "In-Hospital Mortality of Surgical Patients: Is There an Empirical Basis for Standard Setting?" Surgery 99, no. 4 (1986): 446-53.

Sommers, L.S. , R. Sholtz , R.M. Shepherd , and D.B. Starkweather . "Physician Involvement in Quality Assurance ." Medical Care 22, no. 12 (1984): 1115-38.

Starkweather, D.B. Hospital Mergers in the Making. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1981.

Steinberg, E.P. , and 12-Member Interdisciplinary Team. " Variations in Cataract Management: Patient and Economic Outcomes." Health Services Research 25, no. 6 (February 1990): 727-31.

Taft, S.H. "Cultural Pluralism in Professional Organizations: Processes of Transition and Change." Working paper. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University, 1987.

Tolbert, P.S. "Institutional Sources of Organizational Culture." In Institutional Patterns and Organizations, edited by L. Zucker. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1988, pp. 101-13.

Treat, T.F. "The Performance of Merging Hospitals." Medical Care 14, no. 3 (1976): 199-209.

Trussell, R.E. , J. Ehrlich , and M. Morehead. The Quantity. Quality and Costs of Medical and Hospital Care Secured by a Sample of Teamster Families in the New York Area. Report prepared for Teamsters Joint Council No. 16 and Management Hospitalization Trust Fund. New York: Columbia University School of Public Health and Administration Medicine, 1962 .

U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment. The Quality of Medical Care: Information for Consumers. Publication No. OTA-H-386 . Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1988.

U.S. Congress. General Accounting Office. Medicare: Improving Quality of Care Assessment and Assurance: Report to the Chairman. Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means. House of Representatives. Publication No. GAO/PEMD-88-10. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, 1988.

Vuori, H. "Optimal and Logical Quality: Two Neglected Aspects of Quality of Health Services." Medical Care 18, no. 10 (1980): 975-85.

Weiner, J.P. , N.R. Powe , D.M. Steinwachs , and G. Dent. "Applying Insurance Claims Data to Assess Quality of Care: A Compilation of Potential Indicators." Quality Review Bulletin 16, no. 12 (1990): 424-38.

Weisman, C.S. , C.S. Alexander , and G.A. Chase. "Determinants of Hospital Staff Nurse Turnover." Medical Care 19, no. 4 (1981): 431-43.

Welch, W.P. , A.L. Hillman , and M.V. Pauly. "Toward New Typologies for HMOs." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 68, no. 2 (1990): 221-43.

Wells, K.B. , W.G. Manning, Jr. , and R.B. Valdez. "The Effects of a Prepaid Group Practice on Mental Health Outcomes." Health Services Research 25, no. 5 (December 1990): 615-25.

Wennberg, J.E. "On Patient Need, Equity, Supplier-Induced Demand, and the Need to Assess the Outcome of Common Medical Practices." Medical Care 23, no. 5 ( 1985): 512-20.

—. "Small Area Analysis and the Medical Care Outcome Problem." In Conference Proceedings. Research Methodology: Strengthening Causal Interpretations of Nonexperimental Data, edited by L. Sechrest , E. Perrin , and J. Bunker. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1990, pp. 177-206.

—. "Improving the Medical Decision-Making Process." Health Affairs 7 (1988): 99-106.

Wennberg, J.E. , B.A. Barnes , and M. Zubkoff. "Professional Uncertainty and the Problem of Supplier-Induced Demand." Social Science and Medicine 16, no. 7 (1982): 811-24.

Wennberg, J.E. , L. Blowers , P. Parker , and A.M. Gittelsohn . "Changes in Tonsillectomy Rates Associated with Feedback and Review." Pediatrics 59, no. 6 (1977): 821-26.

Wennberg, J.E. , J.L. Freeman , and W.J. Culp. "Are Hospitalized Services Rationed in New Haven or Over-Utilized in Boston? The Lancet (1987): 1185-89.

Wennberg, J. , and A. Gittelsohn. "Variations in Medical Care among Small Areas." Scientific American 246, no. 4 (1982): 120-34.

Wennberg, J.E. , N. Roos , L. Sola , A. Schori , and R. Jaffe. "Use of Claims Data Systems to Evaluate Health Care Outcomes ." Journal of the American Medical Association 257, no. 7 (1987): 933-36.

Wheeler, J.R.C. , and T.M. Wickizer. "Relating Health Care Market Characteristics to the Effectiveness of Utilization Review Programs." Inquiry 27, no. 4 (1990): 344-51.

Williamson, J.M. "Future Policy Directions for Quality Assurance: Lessons from the Health Accounting Experience." Inquiry 25 (Spring 1988): 67-77.

Winslow, C.M. , J.B. Kosecoff , M. Chassin , D.E. Kanouse , and R.H. Brook. "The Appropriateness of Performing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery." Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 4 (1988): 505-509.

Woodward, R.S. , and F. Warren-Boulton . "Considering the Effects of Financial Incentives and Professional Ethics on 'Appropriate' Medical Care." Journal of Health Economics 3, no. 3 (1984): 223-37.

Wyszewianski, L. , J.R.C. Wheeler , and A. Donabedian. "Market-Oriented Cost Containment Strategies and Quality of Care." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly : Health and Society 60, no. 4 ( 1982): 518-50.

Yergan, J. , A.B. Flood , J.P. LoGerfo , and P. Diehr. "Relationship between Patient Race and the Intensity of Hospital Services." Medical Care 25, no. 7 (1987): 592-603.

Zuckerman, H.S. "Multi-Institutional Systems: Their Promise and Performance." In Multi-Institutional Hospital Systems, edited by H. Zuckerman and L. E. Weeks. Chicago: Hospital Research and Educational Trust, 1979, pp. 3-51.