Arnett, R.H., and G.R. Trapnell. "Private Health Insurance: New Measures of a Complex and Changing Industry." Health Care Financing Review6, no. 2 (1984): 31-42.
2.
Arrow, K. "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care." American Economic Review53, no. 5 (1963): 941-73.
3.
Auster, R.D., and R.L. Oaxaca. "Identification of Supplier Induced Demand in the Health Care Sector." Journal of Human Resources16, no. 3 (1981): 327-42.
4.
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association.Blue Cross/Blue Shield Fact Book, 1980 ed. Chicago, IL: Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, 1981.
5.
Blumberg, M. "Rational Provider Prices: Provider Price Changes for Improved Health Care Use." In Health Handbook. Edited by G. Chacho.Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1979.
6.
Brook, R.H., J.E. Ware, W.H. Rogers, et al. "Does Free Care Improve Adults' Health? Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial." New England Journal of Medicine309, no. 23 (1983): 1426-34.
7.
Brook, R.H., K.N. Lohr, M. Chassin, J. Kosecoff, A. Fink, and D. Solomon. "Geographic Variations in the Use of Services: Do They Have Any Clinical Significance?" Health Affairs3, no. 2 (1984): 63-73.
8.
Bunker, J., and B. Brown. ."The Physician Agent as an Informed Consumer of Surgical Services." New England Journal of Medicine290 (May 1974): 1051-55.
9.
Cafferata, G.L. "Knowledge of Their Health Insurance Coverage by the Elderly." Medical Care22, no. 9 (1984): 835-47.
10.
Chemick, H.A., M.R. Holmer, and D.H. Weinberg. "Tax Policy toward Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Services." Journal of Health Economics6, no. 1 (1987): 1-25.
11.
Chollet, D.J., et al. Employer-Provided Health Benefits. Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute, 1984.
12.
Cromwell, J., and J.B. Mitchell. "Physician-Induced Demand for Surgery." Journal of Health Economics5, no. 4 (1986): 293-313.
13.
Dranove, D. "Demand Inducement of the Physician-Patient Relationship." Working paper, University of Chicago, 1985, Chicago, Illinois.
14.
Dyckman, Z.A.Study of Physicians' Fees. Prepared for the Council on Wage and Price Stability, Executive Office of the President. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1978.
15.
Ellis, R.P. "The Effect of Prior-Year Health Expenditures on Health Coverage Plan Choice." In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, vol. 6. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, 149-70.
16.
. " Rational Behavior in the Presence of Coverage Ceilings and Deductibles." RAND Journal of Economics17, no. 2 (1986): 158-75.
17.
Enthoven, A.C. "Consumer-Choice Health Plan." New England Journal of Medicine298, no. 12, 13 (1978): 650-58, 709-20.
18.
Evans R.G. "Supplier-Induced Demand: Some Empirical Evidence and Implications ." In The Economics of Health and Medical Care. Edited by M. Perlman.New York: John Wiley, 1974.
19.
Farber, B., D. Kaiser, and R. Wenzel. "Relation between Surgical Volume and Incidence of Postoperative Wound Infection." New England Journal of Medicine305, no. 4 (1981): 200-04.
20.
Farley, P.J. "Theories of the Price and Quantity of Physician Services: A Synthesis and Critique." Journal of Health Economics5, no. 4 (1986): 315-33.
21.
Farley, P.J., and A.C. Monheit. "Selectivity in the Demand for Health Insurance and Health Care." In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research. Edited by R. Scheffler and L. Rossiter.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, 231-48.
22.
Farley, P.J., and A.K. Taylor. "Premiums, Benefits and Employee Choice of Health Insurance Options" Paper presented to the Eastern Economic Association, March 1985, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .
23.
Farley, P.J., and G.R. Wilensky. "Options, Incentives and Employment-Related Health Insurance Coverage." In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 4 . Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1983, 57-82.
24.
Feldman, R.D., and B.E. Dowd. "Simulation of a Health Insurance Market with Adverse Selection ." Operations Research39, no. 6 (1982): 1027-42.
25.
Feldstein, M.S., and B. Friedman. "Tax Subsidies, the Rational Demand for Insurance, and the Health Care Crisis." Journal of Public Economy7, no. 2 (1977): 155-78.
26.
Freeman, R.B. "The Effect of Unionism on Fringe Benefits." Industrial and Labor Relations Review34 (July 1981): 489-509.
27.
Freiberg, L., and F. Scutchfield. "Insurance and the Demand for Hospital Care: An Examination of Moral Hazard." Inquiry13 (March 1976): 54-60.
28.
Fuchs, V. "The Supply of Physicians and the Demand for Operations." Journal of Human Resources13, supplement (1978): 35-56.
29.
Fuchs, V., and M. Kramer.Determinants of Expenditures for Physician Services in the United States 1948-1968. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1972.
30.
Gibson, R.M., and D.K. Waldo. "National Health Expenditures, 1981." Health Care Financing Review4, no. 1 (1982): 1-35.
31.
Ginsburg, P.G. "Altering the Tax Treatment of Employment-Based Health Plans." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly59, no. 2 (1981): 224-55.
32.
Goldman, F., and M. Grossman. "The Demand for Pediatric Care: An Hedonic Approach." Journal of Political Economy86, no. 2 (April 1978): 259-80.
33.
Goldstein, G.S., and M. Pauly. "Group Health Insurance as a Local Public Good." In The Role of Health Insurance in the Health Services Sector. Edited by R. N. Rosett. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1976.
34.
Green, J. "Physician-Induced Demand for Medical Care." Journal of Human Resources13, supplement ( 1978): 21-34.
35.
Hay, J., and M. Leahy. "Physician Induced Demand: An Empirical Analysis of the Consumer Information Gap." Journal of Health Economics1, no. 3 (1982): 231-44.
36.
Heaney, C., and D. Riedel.From Indemnity to Full Coverage: Changes in Hospital Utilization Research Series. Chicago, IL: Blue Cross Association, 1970.
37.
Hershey, J.C., H. Kunreuther, J.S. Schwartz, and S.V. Williams. "Health Insurance under Competition: Would People Choose What Is Expected?" Inquiry24 (Winter 1984): 349-60.
38.
Holmer, M. "Tax Policy and the Demand for Health Insurance." Journal of Health Economics3, no. 3 (1984): 203-21.
39.
Hughes, R., S. Hunt, and H. Luft. "Effects of Surgeon Volume and Hospital Volume on Quality of Care in Hospitals." Medical Care25, no. 6 (1987): 489-503.
40.
Jensen, G., R. Feldman, and B. Dowd. "Corporate Benefit Policies and Health Insurance Costs ." Journal of Health Economics3, no. 3 (1984): 275-96.
41.
Keeler, E.B., D.T. Morrow, and J.P. Newhouse. "The Demand for Supplementary Health Insurance or Do Deductibles Matter?" Journal of Political Economy85, no. 4 (1977): 789-801.
42.
Keeler, E.B., J.P. Newhouse, and C.E. Phelps. "Deductibles and the Demand for Medical Care Services: The Theory of a Consumer Facing a Variable Price Schedule under Uncertainty ." Econometrica45 (April 1977): 641-56.
43.
Leibowitz, A., et al. "Effect of Cost Sharing on the Use of Medical Services by Children: Interim Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial." Pediatrics75 (May 1985): 942-51.
44.
Lohr, K.N., R.H. Brook, C.J. Kamberg, G.A. Goldberg, et al. "Use of Medical Care in the RAND Insurance Experiment: Diagnosis- and Service-Specific Analyses in a Randomized Controlled Trial." Medical Care24, no. 9, supplement (1986).
45.
Luft, H.S., J. Bunker, and A. Enthoven. "Should Operations be Regionalized? The Empirical Relation between Surgical Volume and Mortality." New England Journal of Medicine301, no. 25 (1979): 1364-69.
46.
Manning, W.G., Jr., H.L. Bailit, B. Benjamin, and J.P. Newhouse.Health Insurance and the Demand for Dental Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment. Pub. No. R-3225-HHS. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1986 .
47.
. " The Demand for Dental Care: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Health Insurance ." Journal of the American Dental Association110, no. 6 (1985): 895-902.
48.
Manning, W.G., Jr., J. P. Newhouse, N.Duan, E.B. Keeler, Arleen Leibowitz, and M. Susan Marquis. "Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment ." The American Economic Review77, no. 3 (1987): 251-77.
49.
Manning, W.G., Jr., J.P. Newhouse, N. Duan, E. Keeler, B. Benjamin, A. Leibowitz, M.S. Marquis, and J. Zwanzeiger.Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment. Pub. No. R-3476-HHS. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1987 .
50.
Manning, W.G., Jr., K.B. Wells, N. Duan, et al. "How Cost Sharing Affects the Use of Ambulatory Mental Health Services." Journal of the American Medical Association256, no. 14 (1986): 1930-34.
51.
Manning, W.G., Jr., K. B. Wells, N.Duan, J.P. Newhouse, and J.E. Ware. "Cost Sharing and the Use of Ambulatory Mental Health Services." American Psychologist39, no. 10 (1984): 1077-89.
52.
Marquis, M.S. "Consumers' Knowledge about Their Health Insurance Coverage" Health Care Financing Review5, no. 1 (1983): 65-80.
53.
Marquis, M.S., and C.E. Phelps. "Price Elasticity and Adverse Selection in the Demand for Supplementary Health Insurance." Economic Inquiry25 (April 1987): 299-313.
54.
McCarthy, T.R. "The Competitive Nature of the Primary-Care Physician Services Market ." Journal of Health Economics4, no. 2 (1985): 93-117.
55.
Moorehead, M., R. Donaldson, and A. Zanes. "Dental Service at a Teamster Comprehensive Care Program ." Journal of the American Dental Association83, no. 2 (1971): 601.
56.
Neipp, J., and R. Zeckhauser. "Persistence in the Choice of Health Plans." In Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, vol. 6. Edited by R. M. Scheffler and L. F. Rossiter.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985, 47-74.
57.
Newhouse, J.P. "A Model of Physician Pricing." Southern Economic Journal37, no. 2 ( 1970): 174-83.
58.
. " The Demand for Medical Care Services: A Retrospect and Prospect." In Health, Economics, and Health Economics. Edited by J. van der Gaag and M. Perlman.Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1981.
59.
Newhouse, J.P., and C.E. Phelps. "New Estimates of Price and Income Elasticities for Medical Services." In The Role of Health Insurance in the Health Services Sector. Edited by R. Rosett. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1976.
60.
Newhouse, J.P., A.P. Williams, B.W. Bennett, and W.B. Schwartz. "Does the Geographical Distribution of Physicians Reflect Market Failure?" Bell Journal of Economics13, no. 2 (1982): 493-505.
61.
Newhouse, J.P., C.E. Phelps, and M. Marquis. "On Having Your Cake and Eating It Too: An Analysis of Estimated Effects of Insurance on Demand for Health Services." Journal ofEconometrica13, no. 3 (1979): 365-90.
62.
Newhouse, J.P., W. Manning, C. Morris, et al. "Some Interim Results from a Controlled Trial of Cost-Sharing in Health Insurance." New England Journal of Medicine303, no. 25 (1981): 1501-07.
63.
Palmetto-Lowcountry Health Systems Agency, Inc.Trident Industrial Health Coalition: Model Health Insurance Benefits Design Study. Summerville, SC: Palmetto-Lowcountry Health Systems Agency, Inc., 1984.
64.
Pauly, M.V. "The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment." American Economic Review58, no. 3 (1968): 531-37.
65.
. " Taxation, Health Insurance, and Market Failure in the Medical Economy." Journal of Economic Literature24 (June 1986): 629-75.
66.
Pauly, M. V., ed. "Overinsurance: The Conceptual Issues." In What Now, What Later, What Never? Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1980, 201-19.
67.
Pauly, M., and M. Satterthwaite . "In Pricing of Primary Care Physicians' Service: A Test of the Role of Consumer Information." Bell Journal of Economics12, no. 2 (1981): 488-506.
68.
Phelps, C.E. "Demand for Reimbursement Insurance." In The Role of Health Insurance in the Health Services Sector. Edited by R. N. Rosett. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1976.
69.
. Health Care Costs: The Consequences of Increased Cost Sharing. Report R-2970-RC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation , 1982.
70.
. " Induced Demand-Can We Ever Know Its Extent?" Journal of Health Economics5, no. 4 (1986): 355-65.
71.
_. The Demand for Health Insurance: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation . Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation , 1973.
72.
Phelps, C.E., and J.P. Newhouse. "The Effect of Coinsurance: A Multivariate Analysis." Social Security Bulletin35 (June 1972): 20-28.
73.
. " Coinsurance, the Price of Time and the Demand for Medical Services" Review of Economics and Statistics56, no. 3 (1974): 334-42.
74.
Price, J.R., and J.W. Mays. "Biased Selection in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Programs." Inquiry22 (Spring 1985): 67-77.
75.
Price, J.R., J.W. Mays, and G.R. Trapnell. "Stability in the Federal Health Benefits Program." Journal of Health Economics2, no. 3 (1983): 207-23.
76.
Reinhardt, U.Physician Productivity and the Demand for Health Manpower. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1975.
77.
Rice, R.G. "Skill, Earnings, and the Growth of Wage Supplements." American Economics Review56 (May 1966): 583-93.
78.
Roddy, P.C., J. Wallen, and S.M. Meyers. "Cost Sharing and Use of Health Services: The United Mine Workers of America Health Plan." Medical Care24, no. 9 (1986): 873-77.
79.
Roemer, M., C. Hopkins, L. Carr, and F. Gartside. "Copayments for Ambulatory Care: Penny-Wise, Pound Foolish ." Medical Care13, no. 6 (1975): 457-66.
80.
Rosett, R., and L. Huang. "The Effect of Health Insurance on the Demand for Medical Care." Journal of Political Economy81, no. 2 (1973): 281-305.
81.
Rossiter, L.F., and A.K. Taylor. "Union Effects on the Provision of Health Insurance." Industrial Relations21, no. 2 (1982): 167-77.
82.
Rossiter, L.F., and G. Wilensky. "Identification of Physician-Induced Demand." Journal of Human Resources19, no. 2 (1984): 231-44.
83.
Rothschild, M., and J. Stiglitz. "Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information." Quarterly Journal of Economics90, no. 4 (1976): 629-49.
84.
Scheffler, R.M. "The United Mine Workers' Health Plan: An Analysis of the Cost-Sharing Program." Medical Care22, no. 3 (1984): 247-54.
85.
Scitovsky, A., and N. McCall. "Coinsurance and the Demand for Physician Services: Four Years Later." Social Security Bulletin40 (May 1977): 19-27.
86.
Shortell, S., and J. LoGerfo. "Hospital Medical Staff Organization and Quality of Care: Results for Myocardial Infarction and Appendectomy." Medical Care19, no. 10 (1981): 1041-55.
87.
Stano, M. "An Analysis of the Evidence on Competition in the Physician Services Markets." Journal of Health Economics4, no. 3 (1985): 197-211.
88.
. " A Further Analysis of the 'Variations in Practice Style' Phenomenon" Inquiry23, no. 2 (1986): 176-82.
89.
Stoddart, G., and M. Barer. "Analyses of Demand and Utilization through Episodes of Medical Service." In Health, Economics and Health Economics . Edited by J. van der Gaag and M. Perlman. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1981.
90.
Sweeney, G.H. "The Market for Physicians' Services: Theoretical Implications and an Empirical Test of the Target Income Hypothesis." Southern Economic Journal48, no. 3 (1982): 594-614.
91.
Taylor, A., and G. Wilensky. "Tax Expenditures and the Demand for Private Health Insurance ." In Market Oriented Reforms in Federal Health Policy. Edited by Jack Meyer.Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1985.
92.
Waldo, D., K. Levit, and H. Lazenby. "National Health Expenditures, 1985." Health Care Financing Review8, no. 3 (1986): 1-21.
93.
Ware, J.E., W.G. Manning, N. Duan, K.B. Wells, and J.P. Newhouse. "Health Status and the Use of Outpatient Mental Health Services." American Psychologist39, no. 10 (1984): 1090-100.
94.
Wells, K.B., W.G. Manning, N. Duan, J.P. Newhouse, and J.E. Ware. "Cost-Sharing and the Use of General Medical Physicians for Outpatient Mental Health Care" Health Services Research22, no. 1 ( 1987): 1-17.
95.
Wennberg, J.E. "Dealing with Medical Practice Variations: A Proposal for Action." Health Affairs3, no. 2 (1984): 6-32.
96.
Wilensky, G., and L. Rossiter. "The Magnitude and Determinants of Physician Initiated Visits in the United States." In Health, Economics and Health Economics. Edited by J. van der Gaag and M. Perlman. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1981.
97.
Wilensky, G., P. Farley, and A. Taylor. "Variations in Health Insurance Coverage: Benefits vs. Premiums." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly62, no. 1 (1984): 53-81.
98.
Woodbury, S.A. "Estimating Preferences for Wage and Nonwage Benefits." Paper prepared for a National Bureau of Economic Research sponsored conference on the Economics of Compensation, November, 1980 , Cambridge, Massachusetts.