Vertical Structures and Control in Health Care Markets: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Review

Abramowitz, Kenneth S. Bernstein Research: The Future of Health Care Delivery in America. New York: Sanford C. Bernstein Co., Inc., October 1986.

Axene, David V. "Multiple Option Products—Strategic Benefit Design, Pricing, and Risk-Sharing Issues." Milliman and Robertson, Inc., Consulting Actuaries (undated).

Berman, Howard J. , Lewis E. Weeks , and Steven F. Kukla . The Financial Management of Hospitals. 6th ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1986.

Bice, M.O. "Corporate Cultures Need Business Strategy: A Health Management Company Perspective." Hospital & Health Services Administration 29 (July-August 1984): 64-78.

Birnbaum, Roger W. "The Nationals vs. the Regional Independents: HMO Prospects and Potential ." Frontiers of Health Services Management 3 (May 1987): 26-28.

Brown, Barbara J. , and Austin Ross , eds. Integration of Clinical and Financial Information Systems. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1987.

Buck, Richard. "The Exchange Plans Insurance Network." Seattle Times (July 8, 1987).

Chandler, A.D. , Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962.

Chandler, Alfred D. , Jr. The Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1977.

Christianson, Jon B. , Maureen Shadle , Mary M. Hunter , Susan Hartwell , and Jeanne McGee. "The New Environment for Rural HMOs." Health Affairs 5 (Spring 1986): 105-21.

Clement, Jan P. "Vertical Integration and Diversification of Acute Care Hospitals: Conceptual Definitions." Hospital and Health Services Administration 33 (Spring 1988): 99-110.

Coase, Ronald M. "The Nature of the Firm." Economica 4 (October 1937): 386-405.

Conrad, Douglas A. , and Stephen Mick. " Management Education for Vertically Integrated Systems." Journal of Health Administration Education 5, no. 3 (1987): 441-52.

Coyne, Joseph K. "The Financial Characteristics of MIOs: Entering an Era of Price Competition." Topics in Health Care Financing 11 (Winter 1984): 1-18.

Daft, Richard L. Organization Theory and Design. 2d ed. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1986 .

Davis, S.M. , and P.R. Lawrence. "Problems of Matrix Organizations." Harvard Business Review (May-June 1978): 131-42.

Deal, Terrence E. , and Allan A. Kennedy . Corporate Cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982.

Deal, T.E. , et al. "How to Create an Outstanding Hospital Culture." Hospital Forum 26 (January-February 1983): 21-34.

Delbecq, A.L. , and S.L. Gill. "Justice as a Prelude to Teamwork in Medical Centers." Health Care Management Review 10 (Winter 1985): 45-51.

Emery, Fred E. , and Eric L. Trist. "The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments." Human Relations 18 (1965 ): 21-32.

Ermann, Dan , and Jon Gabel. "Multihospital Systems: Issues and Empirical Findings ." Health Affairs 3 (Spring 1984): 50-64.

Filley, A.C. , R.J. House , and S. Kerr. "Professionals in Organizations and Line Staff Relationships ." In Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior, 2d. ed. 380-405. New York: Scott, Foresman & Co., 1976.

Galbraith, Jay R. , and Robert K. Kazanjian . Strategy Implementation, Structure, Systems and Process. 2d ed. St. Paul : West Publishing Co., 1986.

Gerber, Lawrence. Hospital Restructuring: Why, When, and How. Chicago : Pluribus Press, Inc., 1983.

Gibson, Richard. "The Computer Is In: More Doctors Use High-Tech Help for Diagnoses ." Wall Street Journal (July 8, 1987).

Glandon, Gerald L. , and Michael A. Morrisey . "Redefining the Hospital-Physician Relationship under Prospective Payment. Inquiry 23 (Summer 1986): 166-75.

Gnessin, Alan M. "Closer Physician/HMO Integration via Financial and Risk-Sharing Alternatives ." Presentation at Group Health Institute, Seattle, June 23, 1987.

Goldberg, Lawrence G. , and Warren Greenberg. "Determinants of HMO Enrollment and Growth." Health Services Research 16 (Winter 1981 ): 421-38.

Grant, Dean E. "Negotiations between Precarious Partners." In Health Services Management Readings and Commentary. 2d ed., edited by A. R. Kovner and D. Neuhauser , 338-43. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1983.

Hall, D.J. , and M.A. Saias. "Strategy Follows Structure!" Strategic Management Journal 1 (1976): 149-63.

Harrigan, K.R. Strategic Flexibility. Lexington, MA: Lexington Press, 1985.

Holt, Stephen W. "Vertical Integration in Home Care: Part I." Caring 4 (March 1985a): 54-57.

_. " Vertical Integration in Home Care: Part II." Caring 4 (April 1985b): 50-52.

Hornbrook, Marc C. , Arnold V. Hurtado , and Richard E. Johnson . "Health Care Episodes: Definition, Measurement, and Use." Medical Care Review 42 (Fall 1985): 163-218.

Hrebiniak, Lawrence G. , and William F. Joyce . Implementing Strategy. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.

InterStudy. MeSH Schematic Design. Excelsior, MN. Personal communication from Linda Hartwell, 1985.

Johnson, Richard L. "The Myth of Dominance by National Health Care Corporations." Frontiers of Health Services Management 3 (May 1987): 3-22.

Klein, Benjamin , Robert G. Crawford , and Armen A. Alchein . "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process." Journal of Law and Economics 21 (1978): 297.

Kovner, Anthony R. "Hospital Governance and Market Share." In Health Services Management Readings and Commentary. 2d ed., edited by A. R. Kovner and D. Neuhauser , 465-82. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1983.

Luft, Harold. Health Maintenance Organizations: Dimensions of Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.

March, James G. , and Herbert A. Simon . Organizations. New York : Wiley, 1958.

Mechanic, David. "Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 7 ( 1962): 349-64.

Miles, R.E. , and C.C. Snow. "Management and Strategy: The Case of the Voluntary Hospital ." In Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process, 214-45. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.

Miles, R.E. , C.C. Snow , A.D. Meyer , and H.J. Coleman. "Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process." In Resource Book in Macro Organizational Behavior, edited by R. H. Miles , 219-318. New York: Scott, Foresman & Co., 1980.

Mintzberg, Henry. The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979.

Morrisey, Michael A. , and Cynthia S. Ashby . "An Empirical Analysis of HMO Market Share ." Inquiry 19 ( 1982): 136.

Neuhauser, D. "The Hospital as a Matrix Organization." Hospital Administration (Fall 1972): 8-25.

Omenn, Gilbert S. , and Douglas A. Conrad . "Implications of DRG for Clinicians: Sounding Board." New England Journal of Medicine 311 (1984): 1314-17.

Ouchi, William G. "A Conceptual Framework for the Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms ." Management Science 25 (1979): 833-48.

_. The M. - Form Society. New York: Avon Books , 1984.

Pauly, Mark V. , and M. Redisch. "The Not-for-Profit Hospital as a Physicians' Cooperative ." American Economic Review 63 (1973): 87-99.

Pies, Harvey E. "HMO-Provider Joint Ventures: Creative Contract Arrangements." Presentation at Group Health Institute, Seattle , June 23, 1987.

Porter, Michael E. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance . New York: The Free Press, 1985.

. Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press, 1980.

Porter, Michael E. , and Victor E. Millar . "How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage ." Harvard Business Review (July-August 1985 ): 149-60.

Rice, Thomas , Greg de Lissovoy , Jon Gabel , and Dan Ermann. "The State of PPOs: Results from a National Survey." Health Affairs (Winter 1985): 25-40.

Sasser, W. Earl , R. Paul Olsen , and D. Darryl Wyckoff . Management of Service Operations, Text, Cases, and Readings. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1978.

Schein, Edgar H. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1985.

Schlesinger, Eric S. Renaissance of the HMO. Boston: Boston Consulting Group, Health Care Industry Strategy Series, 1985.

. The Health Insurance Product of the 1990s. Boston: Boston Consulting Group, Health Care Industry Strategy Series, 1986.

Scott, W. Richard. "Managing Professional Work: Three Models of Control for Health Organizations ." Health Services Research 17 (Fall 1982): 213-40.

Shortell, Stephen M. , Ellen Morrison , and Susan L. Hughes. "Diversification Strategies in Health Care: Lessons from Leading Multihospital Systems." Working Paper, Center for Health Services and Policy Research, J. L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, 1987.

Shortell, Stephen M. , Thomas Wickizer , and John R. C. Wheeler . "Hospital-sponsored Primary Care: Organizational and Financial Effects." American Journal of Public Health 74 (August 1984): 784-91.

Smircich, Linda. "Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis." Administrative Science Quarterly 28 ( 1983): 339-58.

Starkweather, David B. Hospital Mergers in the Making. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1981.

. " Organizational Structure and Management." In Integration of Clinical and Financial Information Systems, edited by Barbara J. Brown and Austin Ross. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. , 1987.

Starkweather, David B. , and James M. Carman . "The Limits of Power in Hospital Markets." Medical Care Review (this issue).

Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York : Basic Books, Inc., 1982 .

Stigler, George J. "The Economies of Scale." Reprinted in George J. Stigler. The Organization of Industry. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1969.

. The Theory of Price. 3d ed. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1966 .

Thompson, James D. Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.

Trauner, Joan B. "The Second Generation of Selective Contracting: Another Look at PPOs ." Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 9, no. 2 (1986): 13-21.

Umdenstock, R. , and W. Hageman. Evaluating Boards' Performance. Chicago : American Hospital Association, 1987.

Viguers, Richard T. "The Politics of Power in a Hospital." In Health Services Management Readings and Commentary. 2d ed., edited by A. R. Kovner and Duncan Neuhauser , 89-97. Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press, 1983.

Waterman, Robert U. , Thomas J. Peters , and Julien R. Phillips . "Structure Is Not Organization." Business Horizons (June 1980): 14-26.

Wheeler, John R. C. , Thomas M. Wickizer , and Stephen M. Shortell . "Hospital-Physician Vertical Integration." Hospital & Health Services Administration 3 (March-April 1986): 67-80.

Williamson, Oliver E. Markets and Hierarchies : Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: The Free Press, 1975.

. " Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations." Journal of Law and Economics 22 (October 1979): 233-62.

Williamson, Oliver E. , and W.G. Ouchi. "The Markets and Hierarchies and Visible Hand Perspectives ." In Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior edited by Andrew H. Van de Ven and William F. Joyce , 347-70. New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1981.

Zuckerman, H. "Multi-Institutional Systems: Promise and Performance." Inquiry 16 (1979): 291-314.