Commentary

Aiken, L. H. , S. P. Clarke , and D. M. Sloane . 2000. Hospital restructuring: Does it adversely affect care and outcomes? Journal of Nursing Administration 30 (10): 457-465.

Aiken, L. H. , S. P. Clarke , and D. M. Sloane .2002. Hospital staffing, organization, and quality of care: Cross-national findings. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 14 (1): 5-13.

Aiken, L. H. , S. P. Clarke , D. M. Sloane , J. A. Sochalski , R. Busse , H. Clarke , P. Giovannetti , J. Hunt , A. M. Rafferty , and J. Shamian . 2001. Nurses’ reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs 20 (3): 43-53.

Aiken, L. H. , H. L. Smith , and E. T. Lake . 1994. Lower Medicare mortality among a set of hospitals known for good nursing care. Medical Care 32 (8): 771-787.

Aiken, L. H. , J. Sochalski , and G. F. Anderson . 1996. Downsizing the hospital nursing workforce. Health Affairs 15 (4): 88-92.

American Association of Colleges of Nursing . 2001. Backgrounder: AACN’s nursing shortage fact sheet. Available from American Association of Colleges of Nursing Web site, www.aacn.nche.edu

American Nurses Credentialing Center . 2002. Magnet facilities. Available from American Nurses Credentialing Center Web site, www.nursecredentialing.org/ancc/magnet/magnet2.htm

Audit Commission . 2001. Ward staffing. In Acute hospital portfolio: Review of national findings, vol. 3, 1-18. London: Audit Commission Publications.

Commonwealth Fund . 2000. Doctors in five countries see decline in health care quality. The Commonwealth Fund Quarterly 6 (3): 1-3.

Davidson, H. , P. H. Folcarelli , S. Crawford , L. J. Duprat , and J. C. Clifford . 1997. The effects of health care reforms on job satisfaction and voluntary turnover among hospital-based nurses. Medical Care 35 (6): 634-645.

Freudenheim, M. , and L. Villarosa . 2001. Nursing shortage is raising worries on patients’ care. New York Times, 8 April, 1, 34.

Grumbach, K. , M. Ash , J. A. Seago , J. Spetz , and J. Coffman . 2001. Measuring shortages of hospital nurses: How do you know a hospital with a nursing shortage when you see one? Medical Care Research and Review 58 (4): 387-403.

Halm, E. A. , and M. R. Chassin . 2001. Why do hospital death rates vary? New England Journal of Medicine 345 (9): 692-694.

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . 1999. Survey of physicians and nurses. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

Hospital & Health system Association of Pennsylvania . 2001. Pennsylvania nurses: Meeting the demand for nursing care in the 21st century. Harrisburg: Health Alliance of Pennsylvania.

Institute of Medicine . 2000. Interpreting the volume-outcome relationship in the context of health care quality. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Parker-Pope, T. 2001. How to lessen impact of nursing shortage on your hospital stay. Wall Street Journal, 2 March.

Pew Health Professions Commission . 1995. Critical challenges: Revitalizing the health professions for the twenty-first century. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, Center for the Health Professions.

Rock, A. 2001. How hospitals are gambling with your life. Reader’s Digest, September, 151-168.

Silber, J. H. , S. K. Kennedy , O. Even-Shoshan , W. Chen , L. F. Koziol , A. M. Showan , and D. E. Longnecker . 2000. Anesthesiologist direction and patient outcomes. Anesthesiology 93 (1): 152-163.

Thiemann, D. R. , J. Coresh , W. J. Oetgen , and N. R. Powe . 1999. The association between hospital volume and survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. New England Journal of Medicine 340 (21): 1640-1648.

Trafford, A. 2001. When the hospital staff isn’t enough. Washington Post, 7 January, A1, A4, A5.

Wachter, R. M. , and L. Goldman . 2002. The hospitalist movement 5 years later. Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (4): 487-494.

Walston, S. L. , L. R. Burns , and J. R. Kimberly . 2000. Does reengineering really work? An examination of the context and outcomes of hospital reengineering initiatives. Health Services Research 34 (6): 1363-1387.

Wunderlich, G. S. , F. A. Sloan , and C. K. Davis , eds. 1996. Nursing staff in hospitals and nursing homes: Is it adequate? Washington, DC: National Academy Press.