An extended simply supported beam piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is proposed in this paper. The proposed configuration features a small tip displacement and exploits centrifugal softening to achieve passive frequency tuning for low-speed applications. A theoretical model is developed to analyze the PEH under base and rotational excitations. The effects of the tip mass, the length of the extended beam, and the distance between the PEH and the rotating center are tested experimentally. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed configuration provides a more uniform strain distribution over the piezoelectric layer. Compared with related designs reported in the literature, the ESSB-PEH achieves a superior power density of 12.5 μW/mm3 at 10 Hz. Furthermore, for a given PEH dimension, positioning the PEH closer to the rotation center increases the resonant frequency and enhances the output voltage. In conclusion, the developed theoretical model provides a foundation for vibration control and performance improvement of piezoelectric energy harvesters in rotational environments, offering insights for the design of more efficient and controllable energy harvesting systems.
CaoYYangJYangD (2023) Coupling nonlinearities investigation and dynamic modeling of a tristable combined beam rotational energy harvesting system. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing200: 110503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110503
2.
ChenCSuWWuW, et al. (2021) Magnetic plucked meso-scale piezoelectric energy harvester for low-frequency rotational motion. Smart Materials and Structures30(10): 105014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac1d91
3.
ChenJLiuXWangH, et al. (2022) Design and experimental investigation of a rotational piezoelectric energy harvester with an offset distance from the rotation center. Micromachines13(3): 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030388
4.
ChenYLiuHGuoX, et al. (2024) Theoretical modeling and dynamics analysis of a rotating piezoelectric laminated beam with different setting angles. Applied Mathematical Modelling130: 635–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2024.03.006
5.
ErturkAInmanDJ (2008) On mechanical modeling of cantilevered piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures19(11): 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x07085639
6.
ErturkAInmanDJ (2009) An experimentally validated bimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting from base excitations. Smart Materials and Structures18(2): 025009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/2/025009
7.
FangSWangSZhouS, et al. (2020) Analytical and experimental investigation of the centrifugal softening and stiffening effects in rotational energy harvesting. Journal of Sound and Vibration488: 115643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2020.115643
8.
FebboMMachadoSP (2022) Rotational multi-beam energy harvester with up-conversion mechanism in an extremely low frequency scenario. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing168: 108737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108737
9.
GuLLivermoreC (2010) Passive self-tuning energy harvester for extracting energy from rotational motion. Applied Physics Letters97(8): 081904. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3481689
10.
GuanMLiaoWH (2016) Design and analysis of a piezoelectric energy harvester for rotational motion system. Energy Conversion and Management111: 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.061
11.
HsuJCTsengCTChenYS (2014) Analysis and experiment of self-frequency-tuning piezoelectric energy harvesters for rotational motion. Smart Materials and Structures23(7): 075013. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/7/075013
12.
KhameneifarFMoallemMArzanpourS (2011) Modeling and analysis of a piezoelectric energy scavenger for rotary motion applications. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics133: 011005. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002789
13.
KhameneifarFArzanpourSMoallemM (2012) A piezoelectric energy harvester for rotary motion applications: design and experiments. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics18(5): 1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2012.2205266
14.
LiXYHuangICSuWJ (2025) Analysis of a two-degree-of-freedom beam for rotational piezoelectric energy harvesting. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing223: 111899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111899
15.
LiuLHeLHanY, et al. (2023) A review of rotary piezoelectric energy harvesters. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical349: 114054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.114054
16.
LuZQZhangFYFuHL, et al. (2021) Rotational nonlinear double-beam energy harvesting. Smart Materials and Structures31(2): 025020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac4579
17.
LuongHTGooNS (2012) Use of a magnetic force exciter to vibrate a piezocomposite generating element in a small-scale windmill. Smart Materials and Structures21(2): 025017. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/21/2/025017
18.
MachadoSPFebboMRamirezJM, et al. (2020) Rotational double-beam piezoelectric energy harvester impacting against a stop. Journal of Sound and Vibration469: 115141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.115141
19.
MeiXZhouSYangZ, et al. (2020) A tri-stable energy harvester in rotational motion: modeling, theoretical analyses and experiments. Journal of Sound and Vibration469: 115142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.115142
20.
MeiXDuHZhouS (2023) A comprehensive theoretical model for the centrifugal effect of nonlinear beam-type piezoelectrical energy harvesters in rotational motions. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing189: 110106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110106
21.
PatelRTanakaYMcWilliamS, et al. (2017) Simply-supported multi-layered beams for energy harvesting. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures28(6): 740–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16657418
22.
RoundySTolaJ (2014) Energy harvester for rotating environments using offset pendulum and nonlinear dynamics. Smart Materials and Structures23(10): 105004. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/10/105004
23.
RuiXLiYZhengX, et al. (2019) Design and experimental study of a piezoelectric energy harvester in automotive spokes. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics52(35): 355501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab2756
24.
RuiXZengZZhangY, et al. (2020) A design method for low-frequency rotational piezoelectric energy harvesting in micro applications. Microsystem Technologies26: 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-019-04628-4
25.
SuWJTsengCH (2023) Design and analysis of an extended simply supported beam piezoelectric energy harvester. Sensors23(13): 5895. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23135895
26.
SuWJLinJHLiWC (2020) Analysis of a cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester in different orientations for rotational motion. Sensors20(4): 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041206
27.
SunWPSuWJ (2024) Design and analysis of an extended buckled beam piezoelectric energy harvester subjected to different axial preload. Smart Materials and Structures33(5): 055007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ad38a4
28.
WangJXSuWBLiJC, et al. (2022) A rotational piezoelectric energy harvester based on trapezoid beam: simulation and experiment. Renewable Energy184: 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.093
29.
YangLZhangH (2017) A wide-band piezoelectric energy harvester with adjustable frequency through rotating the angle of the jointed beam. Ferroelectrics520(1): 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2016.1232108
30.
ZhaoLLuZQZhangFY, et al. (2024) Rotational nonlinear energy harvesting via an orthogonal dual-beam. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing211: 111248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111248
