Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The aim in this paper is first and foremost to present an experimental method for measuring the dynamic characteristics of granular rubber. Dynamic measurements on recycled granular rubbers are performed here using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The Young’s modulus and loss factor of these materials are estimated by using the frequency—temperature equivalence introduced by Williams—Landel—Ferry. It allows us to describe the dynamic properties over a wide range of frequencies. An increase in the wave speed and a decrease in the loss factor were observed with an increase in the frequency for ground tire rubber (GTR) and compound particles obtained by extrusion of GTR—ethylene vinyl acetate blend. However, for recycled polyurethane particles, the loss factor increases with increasing frequency. Then, we investigate the damping efficiency of granular rubbers introduced into a metallic tube, which was subjected to vibrating bending loads. A numerical model is presented to predict the frequency response for the displacement—force function of the tube—particles system. Model prediction is hence validated through a comparison with experimental results. Second, this paper also aims at calculating the optimum weight of granular material with maximum allowable damping effects on tube subjected to bending vibrations. For this purpose, a technique is proposed from the model developed by optimizing the apparent mass of granular material and the dissipation energy of the tube—particles system. Optimization is achieved by a nondominated storing genetic algorithm (NSAG-II). From the results, this technique can be successfully used to optimize the frequency dependence of wave speed and the loss factor of granular rubber with optimized weight.

Keywords

Recycled tire rubber dynamic mechanical properties weight optimization.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Banerjee, J.R. , 1997, "Dynamic stiffness formulation for structural elements: a general approach," Computer & Structures 63, 101-103.

Biot, M.A. , 1956, "Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. I. Low-frequency range," Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 28, 168-178.

Bourinet, J.M. and Le Houédec, D. , 1999, "A dynamic stiffness analysis of damped tubes filled with granular materials," Computer & Structures 73, 395-406.

Chettah, A. , Chedly, S. , Ichchou, M. , Bareille, O. , and Onteniente, J.P. , 2007, "Experimental and numerical investigation of flexural vibration damping by recycled rubber granulates ," International Journal of Vehicle Noise and Vibration 4(1), 70-92.

Cremer, L. , and Heckl, M. , 1973, Structure-Borne Sound, Springer, Berlin.

Deb, K. , Pratap, A. , Agarwal, S. , and Meyarivan, T. , 2002, "A fast elistist multi-objective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II ," IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 6, 182-197.

Fergusson, N.J. and Pilkey, W.D. , 1991a, "The dynamic stiffness method: Part I, frequency extraction technology," Shock and Vibration Technical Review 1, 4-13.

Fergusson, N.J. and Pilkey, W.D. , 1991b, "The dynamic stiffness method: Part II, frequency extraction technology," Shock and Vibration Technical Review 1, 479-493.

Ferry, J.D. , 1980, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, Wiley, New York.

10.

Fricke, J.R. , 2000, "Lodengraf damping - an advanced vibration damping technology ," Sound and Vibration 34(7), 22-27.

11.

Friend, R.D. and Kinra, V.K. , 2000, "Particle impact damping," Journal of Sound and Vibration 233, 93-118.

12.

Fukumori, K. and Matsushita, M. , 2003, "Material recycling technology of crosslinked rubber waste ," R & D Review of Toyota CRDL 38, 39-47.

13.

Greiner, D. , Winter, G. , Emperador, J.M. , and Galvan, B. , 2002, "A comparative analysis of controlled elitism in the NSGA-II applied to frame optimization," in IUTAM Symposium on Evolutionary Methods in Mechanics, Cracow, Poland, September 24-27.

14.

Gupta, S. and Manohar, C.S. , 2002, "Dynamic stiffness method for circular stochastic Timoshenko beams: response variability and reliability analyses," Journal of Sound and Vibration 253, 1051-1085.

15.

Horoshenkov, K.V. and Swift, M.J. , 2001, "The effect of consolidation on the acoustic properties of loose rubber granulates," Applied Acoustics 62, 665-690.

16.

Jun, L. and Hongxing, H. , 2008, "Dynamic stiffness vibration analysis of an elastically connected three-beam system," Applied Acoustics 69, 591-600.

17.

Lagakos, N. , Jarynski, J. , Cole, J.H. , and Bucaro, J.A. , 1986, "Frequency and temperature dependence of elastic moduli of polymers," Journal of Applied Physics 59, 4017-4031.

18.

Lenzi, A. , 1982, "The use of damping material in industrial machines," Ph.D. Thesis, ISVR, University of Southampton.

19.

Liu, H.S. , Richard, C.P. , Mead, J.L. , and Stacer, R.G. , 2000, "Development of novel applications for using recycled rubber in thermoplastics," Chelsea Center for Recycling and Economic Development , University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA.

20.

Miraftab, M. , Rushforth, I. , Horoshenkov, K.V. , and Swift, M.J. , 2004, "Recycling carpet waste into acoustic underly for commercial production," The Waste & Resources Action Program, www.wrap.org.uk

21.

Mohamed Sheriff, N. , Gupta, N.K. , and Shanmugapriyan, N. , 2008, "Optimization of thin conical frusta for impact energy absorption," Thin-Walled Structures 46, 653-666.

22.

Nayfeh, S. , Verdirame, J. , and Varanasi, K. , 2002, "Damping of flexural vibration by coupling to low - density granular materials," in Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials: Damping and Isolation, San Diego, CA, March 18, Vol. 4697, pp. 158-167.

23.

Park, J. , 2005, "Measurement of the frame acoustic properties of porous and granular materials," Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 118, 3483-3490.

24.

Pipsola, G. and Horoshenkov, K.V. , 2005, "Consolidated granular media for sound insulation: performance evaluation through different methods," in Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Sound and Vibration, Lisbon, Portugal, July 11-14.

25.

Pourzeynali, S. and Zarif, M. , 2008, "Multi-objective optimization of seismically isolated high-rise building structures using genetic algorithm," Journal of Sound and Vibration 311, 1141-1160.

26.

Pritz, T. , 1994, "Dynamic Young’s modulus and loss factor of plastic foams for impact sound insulation," Journal of Sound and Vibration 178, 315-322.

27.

Pritz, T. , 1998, "Frequency dependences of complex moduli and complex Poisson’s ratio of real solid materials," Journal of Sound and Vibration 214, 83-104.

28.

Radheshkumar, C. , Fuhrmann, I. , and Karger-Kocsis, J. , 2002, "LDPE-based thermoplastic elastomers containing ground tire rubber with and without dynamic curing," Polymer Degradation and Stability 76, 137-144.

29.

Rao, M.D. , 2003, "Recent applications of viscoelastic damping for noise control in automobiles and commercial airplanes," Journal of Sound and Vibration 262, 457-474.

30.

Scaffaro, R. , Tzankova Dintcheva, N. , Nocilla, M.A. , and La Mantia, F.P. , 2005, "Formulation, characterization and optimization of the processing condition of blends of recycled polyethylene and ground tyre rubber: Mechanical and rheological analysis," Polymer Degradation and Stability 90, 281-287.

31.

Simpson, A. , 1984, "On the solution of S(ω)x = 0 by a Newtonian procedure ," Journal of Sound and Vibration 97, 153-164.

32.

Song, B.H. and Bolton, J.S. , 2000, "A transfer-matrix approach for estimating the characteristic impedance and wave numbers of limp and rigid porous materials," Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 107, 1131- 1151.

33.

Swift, M.J. , Bris, P. , and Horoshenkov, K.V. , 1999, "Acoustic absorption in recycled rubber granulates," Applied Acoustics 57, 203-212.

34.

Tschoegl, N.W. , 1989, The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour: An Introduction, Springer, Berlin .

35.

Xu, Z. , Wang, M.Y. , and Chen, T. , 2005, "Particle damping for passive vibration suppression: numerical modelling and experimental investigation," Journal of Sound and Vibration 279, 1097-1120.

36.

Watanabe, H. , 1999, "Viscoelasticity and dynamics of entangled polymers," Progress in Polymer Science 24, 1253- 1403.

37.

Wittrick W.H. and Williams, F.W. , 1971, "A general algorithm for computing natural frequencies of elastic structures," Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 24, 263-284.

Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Weight Optimization of Vibrated Ground Recycled Rubber

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References