This article is the second of a two-part series presenting an integrative model for understanding and treating depression. In this part, the integrative model provides the basis for comprehensive assessment and treatment, guiding the application of a wide variety of treatments. Evidence-based complementary and conventional treatment modalities for depression are also reviewed.
References
1.
Adams, P. B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski, A., & Sinclair, A. J. (1996). Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids, 31(Suppl.), S157-S161.
2.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3.
Anson, O., Carmal, S., Levenson, A., Bonneh, D. Y., & Maoz, B. (1993). Coping with recent life events: The interplay of personal and collective resources. Behavioral Medicine, 18(4), 159-166.
4.
Balestra, D. J. (1991). Adult chronic lead intoxication. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151, 1718-1720.
5.
Beckmann, H., Athen, D., Alteanu, M., & Zimmer, R. (1979). DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: A double-blind controlled study. Archiv Psychiatrie Nervenkrankheiten, 227(1), 49-58.
6.
Bender, K. J. (1998, August). Herbal medicines pose potential drug interaction hazard. Psychiatric Times, p. 62.
7.
Bloch, M., Schmidt, P. J., Danaceau, M. A., Adams, L. F., & Rubinow, D. R. (1999). Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia. Biological Psychiatry, 45(12), 1533-1541.
8.
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Moore, K. A., Craighead, W. E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., et al. (1999). Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(19), 2349-2356.
9.
Bologna, L., Sharma, J., & Roberts, E. (1987). Dehydroepiandrosterone, its sulfated derivative reduce neuronal death and enhance astrocytic differentiation in brain cell cultures. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 17, 225-234.
10.
Brandes, L. J., Arron, R. J., Bogdanovic, R. P., Tong, J., Zaborniak, C. L., Hogg, G. R., et al. (1992). Stimulation of malignant growth in rodents by antidepressant drugs at clinically relevant doses. Cancer Research, 52, 3796-3800.
11.
Breggin, P. (1994). Talking back to Prozac. New York: St. Martin’s.
12.
Brenner, R., Azbel, V., Madhusoodanan, S., & Powlowska, M. (2000). Comparison of an extract of hypericum (LI 160) and sertraline in the treatment of depression: A doubleblind, randomized pilot study. Clinical Therapeutics, 22(4), 411-419.
13.
Bressa, G. M. (1994). S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: Meta-analysis of clinical studies. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia Supplementum, 154, 7-14.
14.
Broota, A., & Dhir, R. (1990). Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 6, 83-90.
15.
Byerley, W. F., Judd, L. L., Reimherr, F. W., & Grosser, B. I. (1987). 5-Hydroxytryptophan: A review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7(3), 127-137.
16.
Carney, M. W. P., Ravindran, A., Rinsler, M. G., & Williams, D. G. (1982). Thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine deficiency in psychiatric inpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 271-272.
17.
Carranza-Lira, S., & Valentino-Figueroa, M. L. (1999). Estrogen therapy for depression in postmenopausal women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 65(1), 35-38.
18.
Cater, R. E., II. (1992). The clinical importance of hypochlorhydria (a consequence of chronic Helicobacter infection): Its possible etiological role in mineral and amino acid malabsorption, depression, and other syndromes. Medical Hypotheses, 39(4), 375-383.
19.
Childs, P. A., Rodin, I., Martin, N. J., Allen, N. H., Plaskett, L., Smythe, P. J., et al. (1995). Effect of fluoxetine on melatonin in patients with seasonal affective disorder and matched controls. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(2), 196-198.
20.
Coppen, A., & Bailey, J. (2000). Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60(2), 121-130.
21.
Cott, J. M., Rosenthal, N., Blumenthal, M., Fomous, C. M., Cardinella, J. H., II, Cohen, H. W., et al. (2001). St. John’s wort and major depression [letters]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 42-45.
22.
Cotterchio, M., Kreiger, N., Darlington, G., & Steingart, A. (2000). Antidepressant medication use and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 951-957.
23.
Coulehan, J. L., Schulberg, H. C., Block, M. R., Janosky, J. E., & Arena, V. C. (1990). Medical comorbidity of MDD in a primary medical practice. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150(11), 2363-2367.
24.
Davidson, J. R., Morrison, R. M., Shore, J., Davidson, R. T., & Bedayn, G. (1997). Homeopathic treatment of depression and anxiety. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 3(5), 15-16.
25.
Deigner, H. P., Haberkorn, U., & Kinscherf, R. (2000). Apoptosis modulators in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opinions on Investigational Drugs, 9(4), 747-764.
26.
Dolberg, O. T., Hirschmann, S., & Grunhaus, L. (1998). Melatonin for the treatment of sleep disturbances in MDD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(8), 1119-1121.
27.
Dublin, S., Rossing, M. A., Heckbert, S. R., Goff, B. A., & Weiss, N. S. (2002). Risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and other centrally acting medications. Cancer Causes and Control, 13(1), 35-45.
28.
Dubovsky, S. L., & Buzan, R. (1999). Mood disorders. In R. E. Hales, S. C. Yudofsky, & J. A. Talbott (Eds.), The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychiatry (3rd ed., pp. 479-565). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
29.
Eckert, G. P., & Muller, W. E. (2001). Effects of hyperforin on the fluidity of brain membranes. Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(Suppl. 1), S22-S25.
30.
Eckmann, F. (1990). Cerebral insufficiency—treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract: Time of onset in a double-blind study with 60 inpatients. Fortschritte der Medizine, 108(29), 557-560.
31.
Edwards, R., Peet, M., Shay, J., & Horrobin, D. (1998). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 48, 149-155.
32.
Eich, H., Agelink, M. W., Lehmann, E., Lemmer, W., & Klieser, E. (2000). Acupuncture in patients with minor depressive episodes and generalized anxiety: Results of an experimental study. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 68(3), 137-144.
33.
Ernst, E. (1999). Second thoughts about the safety of St. John’s wort. Lancet, 354(9195), 2014-2016.
34.
Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(12), 1481-1496.
35.
Fava, G. A. (1994). Do antidepressant and antianxiety drugs increase chronicity in affective disorders? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 61, 125-131.
36.
Fava, G. A. (1995). Holding on: Depression, sensitization by antidepressant drugs, and the prodigal experts. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64, 57-61.
37.
Fava, G. A., & Grandi, S. (1995). Withdrawal syndromes after paroxetine and sertraline discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 374-375.
38.
Field, T. M. (1998). Massage therapy effects. American Psychologist, 53(12), 1270-1281.
39.
Field, T. M., Grizzle, N., Scafidi, F., & Schanberg, S. (1996). Massage and relaxation therapies’ effects on depressed adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 31(124), 903-911.
40.
Fiss, H. (1991). Experimental strategies for the study of the functions of dreaming. In S. J. Ellman & J. S. Antrobus (Eds.), The mind in sleep: Psychology and psychophysiology. New York: John Wiley.
41.
Fugh-Berman, A. (2000). Herb-drug interactions. Lancet, 355(9198), 134-138.
42.
Garcia-Segura, L. M., Azcoitia, I., & Don-Carlos, L. L. (2001). Neuroprotection by estradiol. Progress in Neurobiology, 63(1), 29-60.
43.
Gelenberg, A. J., Wojcik, J. D., Growdon, J. H., Sved, A. F., & Wurtman, R. J. (1980). Tyrosine for the treatment of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(5), 622-623.
44.
Glenmullen, J. (2000). Prozac backlash: Overcoming the dangers of Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and other antidepressants with safe, effective alternatives. New York: Simon & Schuster.
45.
Gloth, F. M., III, Alam, W., & Hollis, B. (1999). Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging, 3(1), 5-7.
46.
Gordon, J. B. (1998). SSRIs and St. John’s wort: Possible toxicity? American Family Physician, 57(5), 950, 953.
47.
Hahnemann, S. (1992). Organon of medicine (6th ed.). New Delhi, India: B. Jain. (Original work published 1810)
48.
Harrer, G., Schmidt, U., Kuhn, U., & Biller, A. (1999). Comparison of equivalence between the St. John’s wort extract LoHyp-57 and fluoxetine. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 49(4), 289-296.
49.
Hemmeter, U., Annen, B., Bischof, R., Bruderlin, U., Hatzinger, M., Rose, U., et al. (2001). Polysomnographic effects of adjuvant Ginkgo biloba therapy in patients with major depression medicated with trimipramine. Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(2), 50-59.
50.
Hibbeln, J. (1998a, September). Essential fatty acids and markers of serotonergic neurotransmission, in alcoholism and suicide. Paper presented at the National Institutes of Health Conference, Bethesda, MD.
51.
Hibbeln, J. (1998b). Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet, 351, 12-13.
52.
Hibbeln, J. R., & Salem, N. (1995). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: When cholesterol does not satisfy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 1-9.
53.
Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. (2002). Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) in major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(14), 1807-1814.
54.
Jackson, I. M. (1998). The thyroid axis and depression. Thyroid, 8(10), 951-956.
55.
Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B. N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy, P. J., Harish, M. G., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Vedamurthachar, A. (2000). Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1-3), 255-259.
56.
Karasu, T. B., Gelenberg, A., Merriam, A., & Wang, P. (2000). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. In American Psychiatric Association Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines (Ed.), Practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, compendium 2000 (pp. 413-496). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
57.
Klarskov, K., Johnson, K. L., Benson, L. M., Gleich, G. J., & Naylor, S. (1999). Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome case-associated contaminants in commercially available 5-hydroxytryptophan. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 467, 461-468.
58.
Klinger, E. (1975). Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review, 82, 1-25.
59.
Klinger, E. (1977). Meaning and void: Inner experience and the incentives in people’s lives. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
60.
Knowlton, L. (2001). Investigating SAMe for depression. Psychiatric Times, 18(5), 9-11.
61.
Kripke, D. F. (1998). Light treatment for nonseasonal depression: Speed, efficacy, and combined treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49(2), 109-117.
62.
Lasser, R. A., & Baldessarini, R. J. (1997). Thyroid hormones in depressive disorders: A reappraisal of clinical utility. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(6), 291-305.
63.
Lawlor, D. A., & Hopker, S. W. (2001). The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 322(7289), 763-767.
64.
Ledochowski, M., Widner, B., Bair, H., Probst, T., & Fuchs, D. (2000). Fructose-and sorbitol-reduced diet improves mood and gastrointestinal disturbances in fructose malabsorbers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 35(10), 1048-1052.
65.
Lewy, A. J., Bauer, V. K., Cutler, N. L., & Sack, R. L. (1998). Melatonin treatment of winter depression: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research, 77(1), 57-61.
66.
Linde, K., Ramirez, G., Mulrow, C. D., Pauls, A., Weidenhammer, W., & Melchart, D. (1996). St. John’s wort for depression: An overview and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. British Medical Journal, 313, 253-258.
67.
Maes, M., Smith, R., Cristophe, A., Cosyns, P., Desnyder, R., & Meltzer, H. (1996). Fatty acid composition in major depression: Decreased omega-3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 omega-6/C20:5 omega-3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. Journal of Affective Disorders, 38(1), 35-46.
68.
Margolese, H. C. (2000). The male menopause and mood: Testosterone decline and depression in the aging male—is there a link? Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 13(2), 93-101.
69.
Marshall, B. (1992). Helicobacter pylori. Paper presented at “Dysbiosis: A Clinical Symposium.” (Recording available from Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory, 63 Zillicoa Street, Asheville, NC 28801; phone: 1-800-522-4762)
70.
Martinsen, E. W. (1994). Physical activity and depression: Clinical experience. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia Supplementum, 377, 23-27.
71.
McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. (1999). Religion and depression: A review of the literature. Twin Research, 2(2), 126-136.
72.
Michael, A., Jenaway, A., Paykel, E. S., & Herbert, J. (2000). Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biological Psychiatry, 48(10), 989-995.
73.
Murphy, G. E., Carney, R. M., Knesevich, M. A., Wetzel, R. D., & Whitworth, P. (1995). Cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation training, and tricyclic antidepressant medication in the treatment of depression. Psychological Reports, 77, 403-420.
74.
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1997). The science of happiness. The Futurist, 31(5), S1-S8.
75.
Nemets, B., Stahl, Z., & Belmaker, R. H. (2002). Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 477-479.
76.
Notzinger, E. A., Reynolds, C. F., III, Thase, M. E., Frank, E., Jennings, J. R., Fasiczka, A. L., et al. (1995). REM sleep enhancement by bupropion in depressed men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(2), 274-276.
77.
Novaes-Soares, C., Almeida, O. P., Joffe, H., & Cohen, L. S. (2001). Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 529-534.
78.
O’Laoire, S. (1997). An experimental study of the effects of distant, intercessory prayer on self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 3(6), 38-53.
79.
Partonen, T., & Partinen, M. (1994). Light treatment for seasonal affective disorder: Theoretical considerations and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia Supplementum, 377, 41-45.
80.
Peet, M., Murphy, B., Shay, J., & Horrobin, D. (1998). Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biological Psychiatry, 43(5), 315-319.
81.
Perovic, S., & Muller, W. E. G. (1995). Pharmacologic profile of hypericum extract: Effect on serotonin uptake by postsynaptic receptors. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 45(11), 1145-1148.
82.
Phillipp, M., Kohnen, R., & Hiller, K. O. (1999). Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: Randomized multicenter study of treatment for eight weeks. British Medical Journal, 319(7224), 1534-1538.
83.
Piscitelli, S. C., Burstein, A. H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R. M., & Falloon, J. (2000). Indinavir concentrations and St. John’s wort. Lancet, 355(9203), 547-548.
84.
Puri, B. K., Counsell, S. J., Richardson, A. J., & Horrobin, D. F. (2002). Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(1), 91-92.
85.
Razali, S. M., Hasanah, C. I., Aminah, K., & Subramaniam, M. (1998). Religious-sociocultural psychotherapy in patients with anxiety and depression. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(6), 867-872.
86.
Reichenberg, A., Yirmita, R., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Morag, A., et al. (2001). Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 445-452.
87.
Reid, I. C., & Stewart, C. A. (2001). How antidepressants work: New perspectives on the pathophysiology of depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 299-303.
88.
Reynolds, W. M., & Coats, K. I. (1986). A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and relaxation training for the treatment of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 653-660.
89.
Ritter, M., & Low, K. G. (1996). Effects of dance/movement therapy: A meta-analysis. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 23, 249-260.
90.
Robel, P., Bourreau, E., Corpechot, C., Dang, D. C., Halberg, F., Clarke, C., et al. (1987). Neuro-steroids: 3-beta-hydroxy-delta-5-derivatives in rat and monkey brain. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 27, 649-655.
91.
Roschke, J., Wolf, C., Muller, M. J., Wagner, P., Mann, K., Grozinger, M., et al. (2000). The benefit from whole body acupuncture in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1-3), 73-81.
92.
Ruschitzka, F., Meier, P. J., Turina, M., Luscher, T. F., & Noll, G. (2000). Acute heart transplant rejection due to St. John’s wort. Lancet, 355(9203), 548-549.
93.
Schmidt, P. J., Nieman, L., Danaceau, M. A., Tobin, M. B., Roca, C. A., Murphy, J. H., et al. (2000). Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: A preliminary report. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 183(2), 414-420.
94.
Schneider, L. S., Small, G. W., & Clary, C. M. (2001). Estrogen replacement therapy and antidepressant response to sertraline in older depressed women. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9(4), 393-399.
95.
Schrader, E. (2000). Equivalence of St. John’s wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: A randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. International Journal of Psychopharmacology, 15(2), 61-68.
96.
Shader, R. I., & Oesterheld, J. R. (2000). Contraceptive effectiveness: Cytochromes and induction. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(4), 397-398.
97.
Sharpe, C. R., Collet, J. P., Belzile, E., Hanley, J. A., & Boivin, J. F. (2002). The effects of tricyclic antidepressants on breast cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 86(1), 92-97.
98.
Shaw, K., Turner, J., & Del Mar, C. (2001). Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, no. 3, CD003198.
99.
Shelton, R. C., Keller, M. B., Gelenberg, A., Dunner, D. L., Hirschfeld, R., Thase, M. E., et al. (2001). Effectiveness of St. John’s wort in major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(15), 1978-1986.
100.
Simopoulos, A. (1991). Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 438-463.
101.
Sloman, L., Price, J., Gilbert, P., & Gardner, R. (1994). Adaptive function of depression: Psychotherapeutic implications. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 48, 401-416.
102.
Sugarman, A. A., Southern, D. L., & Curran, J. F. (1982). A study of antibody levels in alcoholic, depressive, and schizophrenic patients. Annals of Allergy, 48(3), 166-171.
103.
Thiele, B., Brink, I., & Ploch, M. (1994). Modulation of cytokine expression by hypericum extract. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(Suppl. 1), S60-S62.
104.
Thomas, A. J., Ferrier, I. N., Kalaria, R. N., Perry, R. H., Brown, A., & O’Brien, J. T. (2001). A neuropathological study of vascular factors in late-life depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 70(1), 83-87.
105.
Tode, T., Kikuchi, Y., Hirata, J., Kita, T., Nakata, H., & Nagata, I. (1999). Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 67(3), 169-174.
106.
Tremont, G., & Stern, R. A. (1997). Use of thyroid hormone to diminish the cognitive side effects of psychiatric treatment. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33(2), 273-280.
107.
Van Heile, L. J. (1980). L-5-hydroxytryptophan in depression: The first substitution therapy in psychiatry? Neuropsychobiology, 6, 230-240.
108.
Vogal, G., Cohen, J., Mullis, D., Kensler, T., & Kaplita, S. (1998). Nefazodone and REM sleep: How do antidepressant drugs decrease REM sleep? Sleep, 21(1), 795-796.
109.
Wang, P. S., Walker, A. M., Tsuang, M. T., Orav, E. J., Levin, R., & Avorn, J. (2001). Antidepressant use and the risk of breast cancer: A non-association. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54(7), 728-734.
110.
Wiklund, I. K., Mattson, L. A., Lindgren, R., & Limoni, C. (1999). Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine Group. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacological Research, 19(3), 89-99.
111.
Wilber, K. (1995). Sex, ecology, and spirit (Vol. 1). Boston: Shambhala.
112.
Wilber, K. (1996). A brief history of everything. Boston: Shambhala.
113.
Woelk, H., Burkard, G., & Grunwald, J. (1994). Benefits and risks of the hypericum extract LI 160: Drug monitoring study with 3250 patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7(Suppl. 1), S34-S38.
114.
Wolkowitz, O. M., Reus, V. I., Keebler, A., Nelson, N., Friedland, M., Brizendine, L., et al. (1999). Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(4), 646-649.
115.
Wonnemann, M., Singer, A., & Muller, W. E. (2000). Inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of 3H-L-glutamate and 3H-GABA by hyperforin, a major constituent of St. John’s wort: The role of amiloride-sensitive sodium conductive pathways. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(2), 188-197.
116.
World Health Organization. (1992). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
117.
Zuess, J. (1997). The natural Prozac program: How to use St. John’s wort, the antidepressant herb. New York: Three Rivers Press.
118.
Zuess, J. (1998a). Ginkgo: The smart herb. New York: Three Rivers Press.
119.
Zuess, J. (1998b). The wisdom of depression: A guide to understanding and curing depression using natural medicine. New York: Harmony Books.