Graham DW, Lyon TP, Gofman JW, et al.Blood lipids and atherosclerosis. II. The influence of heparin upon lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation1951 ;4 :666-76.
2.
Engelberg H. , Dudley A., Freeman L.An improved method for the determination of plasma heparin. J Lab Clin Med1955;46:653-9.
3.
Engelberg H.Plasma heparin levels in normal man. Circulation1961;23:578-81.
4.
Engelberg H.Plasma heparin levels in normal man: correlation with serum cholesterol and very low density lipoproteins. Circulation1961;23:573-7.
5.
Engelberg H.Human endogenous lipemia clearing factor. Am J Physiol1955;181:2-5.
6.
Engelberg H.Human endogenous lipemia clearing activity: studies of lipolysis and effects of inhibitors. J Biol Chem1956;222:601-6.
7.
Engelberg H.In vitro studies of human plasma lipolytic activity before and after oral fat intake. J Appl Physiol1957;11:2-6.
Karpe F., Olivecrona T., Waldius G., et al.Lipoprotein lipase in plasma after an oral fat load: relation to free fatty acids. J Lipid Res1992 ;33:975-84.
11.
Durrington PNHow HDL protects against atheroma. Lancet1993 ;342 :1315-6.
12.
Engelberg H.Heparin and the atherosclerotic process. Pharmacol Rev1984;36:91-110.
13.
Engelberg H.Update on the relation of heparin to atherosclerosis and its complications. Semin Thromb Hemost1988;14:88-105.
14.
Engelberg H.Heparin and the prevention of atherosclerosis : basic research and clinical application. New York : Wiley-Liss, 1990.
15.
Auverx JH, Babirak SP, Fujimoto WY, et al.Defective enzyme protein in lipoprotein lipase deficiency . Eur J Clin Invest1989;19:433-7.
16.
Beg O., Meng MS, Skarlatos SL, et al.Lipoprotein lipase Bethesda: a single amino acid substitution leads to abnormal heparin binding and to loss of enzyme activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1990;87:3474-8.
17.
Anfinsen CB , Boyle E., Brown R.The role of heparin in lipoprotein metabolism . Science1952;115:583-6.
18.
Cupp M., Bensadoun A., Melford K.Heparin decreases the degradation rate of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes . J Biol Chem1987;262:6343-8.
19.
Vannier C., Ailhaud G.Biosynthesis of lipoprotein lipase in cultured adipocytes. II. Processing, subunit assembly and intracellular transport. J Biol Chem1989;264:13206-16.
20.
Saxena U., Klein MG, Goldberg IJTransport of lipoprotein lipase across endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1991;88:2254-8.
21.
Simpson HS, Williamson CM, Olivecrona T., et al.Postprandial lipemia, fenofibrate and coronary artery disease . Atherosclerosis1990;85:193-202.
22.
Patsch JR, Miesenbock G., Hopperwieser T., et al.Relation of triglyceride metabolism and coronary artery disease: studies in the postprandial state. Arterioscler Thromb1992; 12:1336-45.
23.
Uiterwaal Cspm , Grobee DE, Witteman Jcm, et al.Postprandial triglyceride response in young adult men and familial risk for coronary atherosclerosis . Ann Intern Med1994 ;121 :576-83.
24.
Ryer JE, Howard G., Craven TE, Bond MG, Hagaman AP, Crouse JR III.Postprandial triglyceridemia and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged subjects. Stroke1992 ;23:823-8.
Jacobsson KG , Lindahl U.Attempted determination of endogenous heparin in blood [Abstract 0195]Thromb Haemost1979;42:84.
27.
Cavari S., Stramoccia L., Vanucchi S., Endogenous heparinase-sensitive anticoagulant activity in human plasma . Thromb Res1992;67:157-65.
28.
Simionescu M. , Simionescu N.Functions of the endothelial cell surface . Annu Rev Physiol1986;48:279-93.
29.
Skutelsky F. , Danon D.Redistribution of surface anionic sites on the luminal front of blood vessel endothelium after interaction with polycationic ligand. J Cell Biol1976;71: 232-8.
30.
Ghinea N., Leabu M., Muresan V.Cellular and molecular events in atherogenesis: fourth US-Romanian workshop on biomedical research. Reported by Magno G. Arteriosclerosis1986;6:242-4.
31.
Gorog P., Born Gvr.Increased uptake of circulating low density lipoproteins and fibrinogen by arterial walls after removal of sialic acids from the endothelial surface . Br J Exp Pathol1982;63:447-55.
32.
Ross R.The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: an update. N Engl J Med1986;314:488-500.
33.
Thornton SC , Mueller SN, Levine EMHuman endothelial cells: use of heparin in cloning and long-term serial cultivation. Science1983;222:623-5.
34.
Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S., et al.A definition of initial fatty streak and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis : a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb1994;14:840-56.
35.
Ross R.The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990's . Nature1993;362:801-9.
36.
Adams DH, Shaw S.Leucocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leucocyte migration . Lancet1994;343: 831-6.
37.
Springer TATraffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration. Cell1994 ;76:301-14.
38.
Foxall C., Watson SR, Dobenko D., et al.The three members of the selectin receptor family recognize a common carbohydrate epitope, the Sialyl-Lewis oligosaccharide. J Cell Biol1992; 117:895-902.
39.
Nelson RM, Ceccioni D., Roberts WG, Aruffo A., Linhardt RJ, Bevilacqua MPHeparin oligosaccharides bind L- and P-selectins and inhibit acute inflammation . Blood1993;82: 3253-8.
40.
Handa K., Nudelman ED, Stroud MR, Shiozama T., Hakomori SISelectin GMP-140 (C062, PADGEM) binds to Sialosyl-Lea and Le x and sulfated glycans modulate this binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1991;181:123-30.
41.
Tangelder GJ , Arfors K-E.Inhibition of leukocyte rolling in venules by sulfated polysaccharides. Fed Proc1987;46: 1542.
42.
Lindbom L., Xie X., Raud J., Hedquist P.Chemoattractant-induced firm adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium in vivo is critically dependent on initial leukocyte rolling. Acta Physiol Scand1992;146:415-21.
43.
Lasky LACombinatorial mediators of inflammation. Curr Opin Cell Biol1993;3:366-8.
44.
Miller MD, Krangel MSBiology and biochemistry of the chemokines: a family of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol1992;12:17-46.
45.
Wiederman CJ , Kowald E., Reinische N., et al.Monocyte haptotaxis induced by the RANTES chemokine. Curr Opin Cell Biol1993;3:735-9.
46.
Valente AJ, Fowler SR, Sprague EA, Kelley JL, Suenram CA, Schwartz CJInitial characterization of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell chemoattractant derived from cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol1984;117: 409-13.
47.
Mazzone T., Jensen M., Chait A.Human arterial wall cells secrete factors that are chemotactic for monocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1983;80:5094-7.
48.
Rollins BJ, Yoshimura T., Leonard EJ, Pober JSCytokineactivated human endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1. Am J Pathol1990;136: 1229-33.
49.
Humphrey DM , McManus LM, Satouchi K., Hanohan DJ, Pinckard RNVasoactive properties of acetyl glycerol ether phosphorylcholine and analogues. Lab Invest1982; 46:422-7.
50.
Kubes P., Suzuki M., Grainger DNPlatelet active factor-induced microvascular dysfunction: role of adherent leukocytes. Am J Physiol1990 ;258:G158-63.
51.
Hocking D., Furo TJ, Johnson A.Dextran sulfate and heparan sulfate inhibit platelet activating factor-induced pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol1992 ;72:179-85.
52.
Diccianni MB , Mistry MJ, Hug K., et al.Inhibition of phospholipase A 2 by heparin. Biochim Biophys Acta1990;1046: 242-8.
53.
Dua R., Cho W.Inhibition of human secretory class II PLA2 by heparin. Eur J Biochem1994;221:481-90.
Silvestro L. , Ruiken C., Sommer F., et al.Platelet activating factor-induced endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules and modulation of surface glycocalyx evaluated by electron microscopy chemical analysis . Thromb Hemost1994;20:214-22.
56.
Tipping PG, Hancock WWProduction of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by macrophages from human atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Pathol1993;142:1721-8.
57.
Hasuda DJ, Stricker J., Simon PL, Young PRProcessing of precursor interleukin-1B and inflammatory disease. J Biol Chem1990;265:6318-22.
58.
Jeannin P., Delnisty Y., Gosset P., et al.Histamine induces interleukin-8 secretion by endothelial cells. Blood1994;84: 2229-33.
59.
Yla-Hertualla S., Sumuverosi H., Karkola K., et al.Glycosaminoglycans in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Lab Invest1986;54:402-7.
60.
Hollman J., Schmidt A., Bassewitz DB, et al.Relationship of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and cholesterol content in normal and arteriosclerotic human aorta. Arteriosclerosis1989;9:154-8.
61.
Seifert PS, Kazatchkine MDThe complement system in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis1988;73:91-104.
62.
Weiler JM, Edens RE, Linhardt RJ, Kapelanski DPHeparin and modified heparin inhibit complement activation in vivo . J Immunol1992; 148:3210-5.
63.
Platt JL, Vercellotti GM, Lindman BL, et al.Release of heparan sulfate from endothelial cells: implications for pathogenesis of hyperacute rejection. J Exp Med1990;171: 1363-8.
Nathan C.Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J1992;6:3051-64.
66.
Cooke JP, Tsao P.Cellular mechanisms of atherogenesis and the effects of nitric oxide. Curr Opin Cardiol1992;7: 799-804.
67.
Kourembanas S., McMillan LP, Leung GK, Fuller DVNitric oxide regulates the expression of vasoconstrictors by vascular endothelial cells under both normoxia and hypoxia. J Clin Invest1993;92:99-104.
68.
Nabel EG, Selwyn AP, Ganz P.Large coronary arteries in humans are responsive to changing blood flow: an endothelium dependent mechanism that fails in patients with atherosclerosis . J Am Coll Cardiol1990;16:349-56.
69.
Celermaier DS, Sorenson KE, Gooch VM, et al.Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis . Lancet1992;340: 1111-5.
70.
Zieher AM, Drexler H., Wollschlager H., Just H.Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with impaired coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis . Circulation1991 ;84 :1984-92.
71.
Yokokowa K. , Takara H., Kohno M., et al.Heparin regulates endothelin production through endothelial-derived nitric oxide in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest1993 ;92: 2080-5.
72.
Light Jr JT, Bellan JA, Roberts MP, et al.Heparin treatment enhances the recovery of neoendothelial acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation after balloon catheter injury in the rabbit aorta. Circulation1993;88(suppl 2):413-9.
73.
Schini VS, Catovsky S., Durante W., Scott-Burden T., Schafer AI, Vanhoutte PMThrombin inhibits production of nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol1993;264:H611-6.
74.
Campbell JH, Campbell GREndothelial cell influences on vascular smooth muscle phenotypes . Annu Rev Physiol1986;48:295-306.
75.
Campbell JR , Campbell GRThe macrophage as an initiator of atherosclerosis . Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol1991 ;18 : 81-4.
76.
Okazaki H., Majesky MW, Harker LA, Schwartz SMRegulation of PDGF ligand and receptor gene expression by alpha thrombin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res1992;71:1285-93.
77.
Clowes AW, Karnovsky MJSuppression by heparin of smooth muscle cell proliferation in injured arteries . Nature1977;265:625-7.
78.
Thyberg J., Hedin V., Sjolund M., et al.Regulation of differentiated properties and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis1990 ;10:695-9.
79.
Zaragoza R. , Battle-Tracy KM, Owen NEHeparin inhibits Na +-H+ exchange in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol1990;258:C46-53.
80.
Kenagy RD, Nikkari ST, Welgus HG, Clowes AWHeparin inhibits the induction of 3 matrix metalloproteases (stromelysin, 92kD gelatinase, and collagenase) in primate arterial smooth muscle cells . J Clin Invest1994 ;93 :1987-93.
81.
Galis Z., Sukhova G., Libby P.Evidence for presence of activated matrix metalloproteases in human atherosclerotic plaques [Abstract 3836]. FASEB J1994 ;8:Abst. 3836.
82.
Rosen EM, Goldberg ID, Kecinsky BM, et al.Smooth muscle cells release a scatter factor which binds to heparin. In Vitro Cell Devel Biol1989;25:163-73.
83.
Ottlinger ME , Pukac LA, Karnovsky MJHeparin inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem1993;268:19173-6.
84.
Majack RA, Cook SC, Bornstein P.Platelet derived growth factor and heparin-like glycosaminoglycans regulate thrombospodin synthesis and deposition in the matrix. J Cell Biol1985;101:1059-70.
85.
Tina Au TP, Kenagy RD, Clowes AWHeparin selectively inhibits the transcription of tissue-type plasminogen activator in primate arterial smooth muscle cells during mitogenesis. J Biol Chem1992 ;267:3438-44.
86.
Fager G., Camejo G., Bondjers G.The PDGF-A chain contains an amino acid sequence that specifically binds to heparin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest1990 ;199:33-6.
87.
Rosenberg RDVascular smooth muscle proliferation: basic investigations and new therapeutic approaches. Thromb Haemost1993;70:10-6.
88.
Reilly CF, Kindy MS, Brown RE, et al.Heparin prevents vascular smooth muscle cell progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J Biol Chem1989;264:6990-5.
89.
Edelman ER, Pukac LA, Karnovsky MJProtamine and protamine-insulin exacerbate the vascular response to injury . J Clin Invest1993;91:2308-13.
90.
Herman IMEndothelial cell matrices modulate smooth muscle cell growth, contractile phenotype, and sensitivity to heparin. Hemostasis1990;20(suppl 1):166-77.
91.
McCaffrey TA , Nicholson AC, Szabo PE, Weksler ME, Weksler BBAging and arteriosclerosis: the increased proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells isolated from old rats is associated with increased PDGF-like activity. J Exp Med1988;167:163-74.
92.
Edwards IJ, Wagner WDCell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol1992;140:193-205.
93.
Flory DM, Partharathy N., Edwards IJ, Wagner WDReduction in cell surface heparan sulfate octasaccharide sequences in cultured smooth muscle cells of pigeons with spontaneous atherosclerosis [Abstract] . Circulation1993; 88:94.
94.
Gallagher JT , Lyon M., Stewart WPStructure and function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Biochem J1986 ;236:313-25.
95.
Esko JD, Stewart TE, Taylor WHAnimal cell mutants defective in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci1985;82:3197-201.
96.
Keller KL, Brauer PR, Keller JMIsolation of Swiss 3T3 cell variants with altered heparan sulfate . Exp Cell Res1988;179:137-58.
97.
Keller KL, Keller JM, Moy JNHeparin sulfates from Swiss mouse 3T3 and SV3T3 cells: O-sulfate differences . Biochemistry1980;19:2529-36.
98.
Kaner RJ, Iozzo RV, Ziale Z., Kefalides NAInhibition of proteoglycan synthesis in human endothelial cells after infection with herpes simplex virus-1 in vitro. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol1990;2:423-31.
99.
Key NS, Platt JL, Vercellotti GMVarious endothelial cell proteoglycans are susceptible to cleavage by neutrophils . Arterioscler Thromb1992;12:836-42.
100.
Redini F., Tixier JM, Petitou M., Choay J., Robert L., Hornebeck W.Inhibition of leucocyte elastase by heparin and its derivative. Biochem J1988;252:515-9.
101.
Geller RL, Ihrcke NS, Platt JLRelease of endothelial cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans by activated T cells. Transplantation1994;57:770-4.
102.
Hansson GK , Bondjers G., Nilsson L-A.Plasma protein accumulation in injured endothelial cells. Exp Mol Pathol1979;30:13-26.
103.
Schwartz CJ , Valente AJ, Sprague EA, Kelley JL, Nerem RMThe pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: an overview. Clin Cardiol1991;14:11-6.
104.
Radhakrishnamurthy B., Ruiz HA, Dalferes Jr ER, Srinivasan SR, Foster TA, Berenson GSStudies of arterial wall glycosaminoglycans and collagen during experimental regression of atherosclerotic lesions in cynomolgous monkeys. Lab Invest1982;47:153-9.
105.
Hollman J. , Schmidt A., von Bassewitz D-B., Budduke E.Relationship of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and cholesterol content in normal and atherosclerotic human aorta. Arteriosclerosis1989 ;9:154-8.
106.
Volker W., Schmidt A., Oortmann W., Broszey T., Faber V., Buddecke E.Mapping of proteoglycans in atherosclerotic lesions. Eur Heart J1990;11(suppl E):29-40.
107.
Murata K., Yokoyama T.Acidic glycosaminoglycans, lipid and water contents in human coronary arterial branches. Atherosclerosis1982;45:53-65.
108.
Gorog P., Pearson JDSurface determinants of low density lipoprotein uptake by endothelial cells . Atherosclerosis1984;53:21-9.
109.
Booth Reg, Martin JF, Honey AC, Hassall DG, Beesley JE, Moncada S.Rapid development of atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit carotid artery induced by perivascular manipulation. Atherosclerosis1989;76:257-68.
110.
Hueper WCAtherosclerosis: the anoxemia theory. Arch Pathol1944;38:162-71, 245-85, 350-64.
111.
Martin JF, Booth Rfg, Moncada S.Arterial wall hypoxia following thrombosis of the vasa vasorum is an initial lesion in atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest1991;21:355-9.
112.
Karlinsky JB, Rounds S., Farber HWEffects of hypoxia on heparan sulfate in bovine aortic and pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Circ Res1992;71:782-9
113.
Engelberg H.Serum lipemia: an overlooked cause of tissue hypoxia. Cardiology1983;70:273-9.
114.
Joyner CR, Horwitz O., Williams PGEffect of lipemia upon tissue oxygen tension in man. Circulation1960;22: 901-7.
115.
Swank RL, Nakamura H.Oxygen availability in brain tissues after lipid meals. Am J Physiol1960;198:217-20.
116.
Ditzel J., Dyerberg J.The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in patients with familial hyperchylomicronemia . J Lab Clin Med1977;89:573-80.
117.
Halliwell B.Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: a critical evaluation with special reference to atherosclerosis . Br J Exp Pathol1989;70:737-57.
118.
Smith C., Mitchinson JM, Aruoma OI, et al.Stimulation of lipid peroxidation of hydroxyl radical generation by the contents of human atherosclerotic lesions. Biochem J1992; 286:901-5.
119.
Berliner JA, Haberland METhe role of oxidized LDL in atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol1993;4:373-81.
120.
Grant D., Long WF, Williamson FBPericellular heparans may contribute to the protection of cells from free radicals. Med Hypoth1987;23:67-77.
121.
Hiebert LM , Liu J-M.Dextran sulphates protect porcine arterial endothelial cells from free radical injury. Hum Exp Toxicol1993; 12:1-7.
122.
Brestel EP , McClain EJA mechanism for inhibition of luminol-dependent neutrophil chemiluminescence by polyanions. J Immunol1983;131:2515-9.
123.
Daugherty A., Rateri DL, Heinecke JWHuman atherosclerotic lesions contain myleoperoxidase, a phagocytic enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions [Abstract 155]. Circulation1993;88.
124.
Grant D., Long WF, Williamson FBA potentiometric study of the interaction of heparin with metal cations . Biochem J1992;285:477-80.
125.
Ross MA, Long WF, Williamson FBInhibition by heparin of Fe-catalyzed free radical peroxidation of lineolenic acid. Biochem J1992;286:717-20.
126.
Stemerman MBHemostasis, thrombosis, and atherogenesis . Atheroscler Rev1979;6:105-46.
127.
Schwartz CJ , Valente AJ, Kelley JL, Sprague EA, Edwards EHThrombosis and the development of atherosclerosis : Rokitansky revisited. Semin Thromb Hemost1988; 14:89-95.
128.
Nachman RLThrombosis and atherogenesis: molecular connections . Blood1992;79:1897-906.
129.
Loscalzo J.The relation between atherosclerosis and thrombosis . Circulation1992;86(suppl 3):95-9.
130.
Nelson S., Jeske W., Hoppenstaedt D., Fareed J.Tissue factor inhibitor release after the administration of low molecular weight heparin and synthetic sulfated agents [Abstract 1211]. FASEB J1993;7.
131.
Gori AM, Athanazio M., Francesca M., et al.Monocyte tissue factor is influenced by heparin [Abstract 2013]. Thromb Hemost1993;69.
132.
Gorog P., Piper J., Ridler CD, Kovacs IBHeparin, both unfractionated and low molecular weight, inhibit physiologically relevant platelet reactivity in native blood in vitro [Abstract 849]. Thromb Haemost1991 ;65.
133.
Prisco B., Paniccia R., Gensini GF, et al.Effect of low dose heparin treatment on fibrinolysis in patients with previous myocardial infarcts. Haemostasis1993 ;23:308-13.
Engelberg H., Kuhn R., Steinman M.A controlled study of the effect of intermittent heparin therapy on the course of human coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation1956 ;13 :489-98.
136.
Bottiger LE , Carlson LA, Oro L.Long-term heparin treatment in ischemic heart disease: effects on clinical condition and plasma lipids . Acta Med Scand1967;182:245-53.
137.
Neri-Serneri GG, Gensini GF, Carnovali M., Rovelli F., Pirelli S., Fortini A.Effectiveness of low-dose heparin in prevention of myocardial infarction. Lancet1987 ;1:937-42.