State-of-the-Art Review: Antiphospholipid Thrombosis Syndromes

Abstract

References

Bick RL , Ancypa D. Blood protein defects associated with thrombosis: laboratory assessment . Clin Lab Med 1995;15:125.

Bick RL Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Med Clin North Am 1994 ;78:635.

Bick RL Antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Int J Hematol 1997 ;65:193.

Oosting JD , Derksen RH , Bobbink Iwg.

Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipids with prothrombin, protein C or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism?

Blood 1993;81:2618.

Bick RL

The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: a common multidisciplinary medical problem. J

Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1997;3:270.

Bick RL , Baker WF Anticardiolipin antibodies and thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:1287.

Bick RL , Baker WF Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999;25:333.

Nojima J. Kuratsune H. , Suehisa E. , et al. Association between the prevalence to beta-2-glycoprotein-1, prothrombin. protein c, protein s, and annexin-V in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombotic and thrombocytopenic complications. Clin Chem 2001;47:1008.

Singh AK Immunopathogenesis of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an update . Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001;10: 355.

10.

Rand JH Antiphospholipid antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin-V antithrombotic shield: a thrombogenic mechanism for the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Immunol 2000;15:107.

11.

Bick RL , Baker WF The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes. Med Clin North Am 1994:78:667.

12.

Conley CL , Hartmann RC A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1952;31:621.

13.

Criel A. , Collen D. Masson PL A case of IgM antibodies which inhibit the contact activation of blood coagulation . Thromb Res 1978; 12:833.

14.

Kunkel L. Acquired circulating anticoagulants. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:1341.

15.

Coller BS , Hultin MB Hoyer LW Normal pregnancy in a patient with a prior postpartum factor VIII inhibitor: with observations on pathogenesis and prognosis. Blood 1981;58:619.

16.

LeFrere JJ , Gozin D. , Lerable J. Circulating anticoagulant in asymptomatic persons seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1988;107:771.

17.

Taillan B. , Roul C. Fuzibet JG Circulating anticoagulant in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1989;87:405.

18.

Davis S. , Furie B. , Griffin JH Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation associated with procainamide-induced lupus anticoagulants. Am J Hematol 1978;4:401.

19.

Jeffrey RF Transient lupus anticoagulant with fansidar therapy. Postgrad Med J 1986:62:893.

20.

Morgan M. , Downs K. Chesterman CN , et al, Clinical analysis of 125 patients with the lupus anticoagulant . Aust NZ J Med 1993; 23:151.

21.

Bick RL , Ucar K. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992:6:1421.

22.

Schleider MA , Nachman RL , Jaffe EA A clinical study of the lupus anticoagulant . Blood 1976 ;48:499.

23.

Regan MG , Lackner H. , Karpatkin S. Platelet function and coagulation profile in lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:462.

24.

Mueh JR Herbst KD , Rapaport SI Thrombosis in patients with the 'lupus'-type circulating anticoagulant . Ann Intern Med 1980: 92:156.

25.

Shapiro SS , Rajagopalon V. Hemorrhagic disorders associated with circulating inhibitors [chapter 7]. In: Ratnoff OD. Forbes CD , eds. Disorders of Hemostasis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: 1996:208.

26.

Kampe CE Clinical syndromes associated with lupus anticoagulants. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:16.

27.

Hinton RC Neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies . Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:46.

28.

Kleinknecht D. Bobrie G. , Meyer O. , et al. Recurrent thrombosis and renal vascular disease in a patient with lupus anticoagulant. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989:4:854.

29.

Pope JM , Canny CL Bell DA Cerebral ischemic events associated with endocarditis, retinal vascular disease and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Med 1991;90:299.

30.

Baker WF , Bick RL Antiphospholipid antibodies in coronary artery disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:27.

31.

Reyes H. , Dearing L. Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid antibodies: a critique of their heterogeneity and hegemony . Semin Thromb Hemost 1 994:20:89.

32.

Kaczor NA , Bickford NN , Triplett DA Evaluation of different mixing study reagents and dilution effect in lupus anticoagulant testing. J Clin Pathol 1991-,95:408.

33.

Shapiro SS , Thagarajan P. Lupus anticoagulants. Prog Hemost Thromb 1982 :6:263.

34.

Ko J. Guaglianone P. , Wolin M. , et al. Variation in the sensitivity of an activated thromboplastin time reagent to the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Clin Pathol 1993:99:333.

35.

Bick RL The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: fact, fiction, confusion & controversy. Am J Clin Pathol 1993:100:477.

36.

Thiagarajan P. , Pengo V. , Shapiro SS The use of the dilute Russel viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants. Blood 1986:68:869.

37.

McGehee WG , Patch MJ Lingao JU Detection of the lupus anticoagutant: a comparison of the kaolin clotting time with the tissue thromboplastin inhibition test. Blood 1983:62:276a.

38.

Rosove MH , Ismail M. , Koziol BJ Lupus anticoagulants: improved diagnosis with a kaolin clotting time using rabbit brain phospholipid in standard and high concentrations. Blood 1986: 68:472.

39.

Bick RL Hypgrccaagulability and thrombosis [chapter 13]. In: Bick RL. Disorders of Thromhosis and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Practice . Chicago: ASCP Press: 1992:261.

40.

Harris EN Immunology of antiphospholipid antibodies. In: Lahita R. ed. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone ; 1992:305.

41.

Rauch J. , Janoff AS The nature of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1992 19-,:1782.

42.

De Castellarnau C. Vila CL Sancho MJ Lupus anticoagulant. recurrent abortion. and prostacyclin production by Cultured smooth muscle cells. Lancet 1983:2:1137.

43.

Sanfelippo MJ Drayna CJ Prekallikrein inhibition associated with the lupus anticoagutant: a mechanisnt for thrombosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1982:77:275.

44.

Bick RL , Baker WF Antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994:20:3.

45.

Roubey Ras. Autoantibodies to phospholipid-bonding plasma proteins: a new view of lupus anticoagulants and other "antiphospholipid" antibodies. Blood 1994;84:2854.

46.

Bick RL , Laughlin HR , Cohen B. et al. Fetal wastage syndrome due to blood protein/platelet defects: results of prevalence studies and treatment outcome with low-dose heparin and low-close aspirin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:286.

47.

Bick RL The antiphospholipid thrombosis (APL-T) syndromes: characteristics and recommendations for classification and treatment. Am J Clin Pathol 1991:96:424.

48.

Rosove MH , Brewer Pmc. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992:117:303.

49.

Bick RL , Baker WF Deep vein thrombosis: prevalence of etiologic factors and results of management in 100 consecutive patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1992:18:267.

50.

Bick RL , Madden J. , Heller KB et al. Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation, and treatment. Medscape Women's Health 1998;3:1.

51.

Bick RL , Toofanian A. Recurrent miscarriage syndrome: outcome in 133 patients with thrombotic disorders treated with heparin and aspirin. J Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2000:6:115.

52.

Bowie Ejw , Thompson JH , Pascuzzi CA Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulant . J Lab Clin Med 1963;162:417.

53.

Bell WR , Boss GR , Wolfson JS Circulating anticoagulant in the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome . Arch Intern Med 1977, 137:1471.

54.

Bick RL The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes: lupus anticoagulants & anticardiolipin antibodies [chapter 14]. In: Weinstein RS , ed. Advances in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 8. St. Louis : Mosby; 1995:391.

55.

Espinoza LR , Hartmann RC Significance of the lupus anticoagulant . Am J Hematol 1986;22:33 1.

56.

Marroussalcis MN , Tzioufas AG , Silis MP High prevalence of anticardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immutiol 1987-,69:557.

57.

Zarrabi MH , Zucker S. , Miller F. Immunologic and coagulation disorders in chlorpromazine-treated patients . Ann Intern Med 1979:91:914.

58.

Harris EN Gharavi AE , Boey ML Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983,11:1211.

59.

Weidmann CE , Wallace D. , Peter J. Studies of IgG, IgM and IgA antiphospholipid antibody isotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheumatol 1988-,15:74.

60.

Asherson RA , Harris EN Anticardiolipin antibodies: clinical associations . Postgrad Med J 1986;62: 1081.

61.

Hughes Gvr , Harris EN , Gharavi AE The anticardiolipin syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986;13:486.

62.

Triplett, DA . Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Am Soc Clin Pathol Press: Hemostasis Thrombosis. Check Sample 10: 1-30, 1988.

63.

Derue G. , Englert H. , Harris E. Fetal loss in systemic lupus: association with anticardiolipin antibodies . Br J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 5:207.

64.

Lubbe WF , Palmer SJ Butler WS Fetal survival after prednisolone suppression of maternal lupus anticoagulant . Lancet 1983; i: 136 1.

65.

Harris EN , Gharavi AE , Hedge U. Anticardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura . Br J Haematol 1885:59: 231.

66.

Harris EN Asherson RA Gharavi AE Thrombocytopenia in SLE and related autoimmune disorders: association with anticardio-' lipin antibodies. Br J Haemawl 1985;59:227.

67.

Bick RL Kaplan H. Syndromes of thrombosis and hypercoagulability: congenital and acquired thrombophitias . Med Clin North Am 1998:82:409.

68.

Rosove MH , Brewer P. , Runge A. Simultaneous lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin assays and clinical detection of antiphospholipids. Am J Hematol 1989;32: 148.

69.

Tanne DT , Triplett DA , Levine SR Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies and ischemic stroke: not just cardiolipin any more. Stroke 1998:29: 1755.

70.

Bick RL

Discordance in antiphospholipid types in patients with arterial and venous thrombosis. J

Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2001 (in press).

71.

McNeil HP , Chesterman CN Krilis SA Anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulants comprise separate antibody subgroups with different phospholipid binding characteristics. Br J Haematol 1989;73:506.

72.

Shi BS , Chong BH Chesterman CN Beta-2-glycoprotein I is a requirement for anticardierlipin antibodies binding to activated platelets: differences with lupus anticoagulants. Blood 1993:81: 1255.

73.

Harris EN Hughes Grv , Gharavi AE Antiphospholipid antibodies: an elderly statesman dons new garments . J Rheumatol 1987; 14:208.

74.

Gharavi AE , Harris EN , Asherson RA Anticardiolipin antibodies: isotype distribution and phospholipid specificity . Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46: 1.

75.

Carreras L. , Defreyn G. , Manchin S. Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and lupus anticoagulant: detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1981;1:244.

76.

Cariou R. , Tobelem G. Bellucci S. Effect of lupus anticoagulant on antithrombogenic properties of endothelial cells: inhibition of thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation. Thromb Haemost 1988,60:54.

77.

Cosgriff TM , Martin BA Low functional and high antigenic antithrocnbin III level in a patient with the lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:94.

78.

Khamashta MA Harris EN , Gharavi AE Immune mediated mechanism for thrombosis: antiphosphczlipid antibody binding to platelet membranes. Ann Rheum Dis 1988 ;47:849.

79.

Sanfellipo MJ , Drayna CJ Prekallikrein inhibition associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Am J Clin Pathol 1982 ;77:275.

80.

Angeles-Cano E. , Sultan Y. , Clauvel JP Predisposing factors to thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Possible relationship to endothelial cell damage. J Lab Clin Med 979:94:312.

81.

Ruiz-Arguelles G. The activated protein C resistance phenotype of the anti phosphol ipid syndrome may follow a relapsing course. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998,4:277.

82.

Ginsburg KS , Liang MH Newcomer L. et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and the risk for ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1992 ;117:997.

83.

Boey ML Colaco CB , Gharavi AE Thrombosis in SLE: striking association with the presence of circulating "lupus anticoagulant" Br Med J 1983;287: 1021.

84.

Elias M. , Eldor A. Thromboembolism in patients with the "lupus-like" circulating anticoagulant . Arch Intern Med 1984:144:510.

85.

Hall S. , Buettner H. , Luthra HS Occtusive retinal vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheumatol 1984: 11:96.

86.

Asherson RA , Harris EN Gharavi AE Arterial occlusions associated with antibodies to anticarcliolipin. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 28:s89.

87.

Hamilton ME Superior mesenteric artery thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. West J Med 1991: 155: 174.

88.

Asherson RA Harris EN , Gharavi AE Aortic arch syndrome associated with anticirdiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagutant. Arthritis Rhetim 1985;-18:594.

89.

Asherson RA , Morgan SH Harris EN Arterial occlusion causing large bowel infarction: a reflection of clotting diathesis in SLE. Clin Rheumatol 5:102.

90.

Asherson RA , MacKay IR , Harris EN Myocardial infarction in a young male with systemic lupus erythematosus. deep vein thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies . Br Heart J 1986 ;56:190.

91.

Gavaghan TP , Krilis SA , Daggard GE Anticardiolipin antibodies and occlusion of coronary artery bypass grafts. Lancet 1987 ;ii:977.

92.

Morton KT Gavaghan S. , Krilis G. Coronary artery bypass graft failure: an autoimmune phenomenon? Lancet 1986;1: 1353.

93.

Hamsten A. , Norberg R. , Bjorkholm M. Antibodies to cardiolipin in young survivors of myocardial infarction: an association with recurrent cardiovascutar events. Lancet 1986;1: 113.

94.

Harpaz D. , Sidi Y. Successful thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in a patient with the antiphosphotipid antibody syndrome. Am Heart J 1991:122:1492.

95.

Asherson RA Khamashta MA Ordi-Ros J. The "primary" antipliospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine 1989-.68:366.

96.

Bick RL Ismail Y. , Baker WF Coagulation abnormalities in patients with precocious coronary artery thrombosis and patients failing coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous trans-coronary angioplasty. Semin Thromb Hemost 1993.19:411.

97.

Galve E. Ordi J. , Barquinero J. Valvular heart disease in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Intem Med 1992; 116:293.

98.

Chartash EK , Lans DM Paget SA Aortic insufficiency and mitral regurgitation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome . Am J Med 1989:86:406.

99.

Chartash EK , Paget SA , Lockshin MD Lupus anticoagulant associated with aortic and mitral valve insufficiency. Arthritis Rheum 1986 ;29:95.

100.

Leung WH , Wong KL , Wong CK Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and cardiac abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1990;89:41l.

101.

Coppock MA , Safford RE Danielson GK Intracardiac thrombosis, phospholipid antibodies, and two-chambered right ventricle. Br Heart J 1988;60:455.

102.

Reisner SA , Blumenfeld Z. Brenner B. Cardiac involvement in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 1990;82(suppl III):398.

103.

Weinstein C. , Miller M. , Axtens R. , Livido reticularis associated with increased titers of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1987;23:596.

104.

Eng AM Cutaneous expressions of antiphospholipid syndromes. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994.;20:71.

105.

Englert H. Hawkes C , Boey M. Dagos' disease: association with anticardiolipin antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1984:289:576.

106.

Bird AG , Lendrum R. Asherson RA Disseminated intravascular coagulation, antiphospholipid antibodies, and ischemic necrosis of extremities. Ann Rheum Dis 1987 ;46:251.

107.

Wolf P. , Peter-Soyer H. , Auer-Grumbach P. Widespread cutaneous necrosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis associated with anticardicalipin antibodies. Arch Dermatol 1991:127: 1739.

108.

Ingram SB Goodnight SH , Bennett RM An unusual syndrome of a devastating non-inftammatory vasculopathy associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: report of two cases. Arthritis Rheum 1987:30: 1167.

109.

Levine SR , Langer SL , Albers JW

Sneddon's syndrome: an antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

Neurology 1988:35:798.

110.

Frampton G. , Winer JB , Cameron JS Severe Guillain-Barré syndrome: an association with IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody in a series of 92 patients. J Neuroimmunol 1988;19:133.

111.

Levine S. Welch K. The spectrum of neurologic disease associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Arch Neurol 1987;44:876.

112.

Oppenheimerr S. , Hoffbrand B. Optic neuritis and myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Can J Neurol Sci 1986 ; 13:129.

113.

Harris EN , Gharavi AE Asherson RA Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus: association with anticardiolipin antibodies . Clin Exp Rheumatol 1984;2:47.

114.

Williams RC Cerebral infarction in systemic tupus: association with anticardicalipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1984;2:3.

115.

Coull BM Bourdette DN Goodnight SH Multiple cerebral infarctions and dementia associated with anticardiolipin antibodies. Stroke 1987; 18:1107.

116.

Asherson RA , Khamashta MA , Hughes Grv. Sneddean's syndrome . Neurology 1989:39:1138.

117.

Moral A. Sneddon's syndrome with antiphospholipid antibodies and arteriopathy . Stroke 1991;22:1327.

118.

Sohngen D. Wehmeier A. Specker C. Antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sneddon's syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 1994;20:55.

119.

Levine SR , Brey RL , Joseph Clm. Risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in patients with focal cerebral ischemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Stroke 1992 ;23(suppl 1):29.

120.

Levine SR , Diaczok IM Deegan MJ Recurrent stroke associated with thymoma and anticardicalipin antibodies . Arch Neurol 1987; 44:678.

121.

Brey RL Hart RG Sherman DG et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral ischemia in young people . Neurology 1990: 40:1190.

122.

Toschi V. , Motta A. , Castelli C. , et al. High prevalence of anti-phosphatidylinositol antibodies in young patients with cerebral ischemia of undetermined cause. Stroke 1998;29: 1759.

123.

Nencini P. , Baruffi MC , Abbate R. et al. Lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in young adults with cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1992;23:189.

124.

Carhaupoma JR , Mitsias P. , Levine SR Cerebral venous thrombosis and anticardiolipin antibodies, Stroke 1997 ;28:2363.

125.

Bick RL Hinton, RC Prevalence of hereditary and acquired coagulation protein / platelet defects in patients with cerebral ischemia [abstract 3466]. Blood 1998:92:(suppl 1 Pt 2)114b.

126.

Levine SR , Brey RL , Sawaya KL et al. Recurrent stroke and thrombo-occlusive events in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Neurol 1995;38:119.

127.

Brey R. , for the APASS Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies are an independent risk factor for first ischemic stroke. Neurology 1993; 43:2069.

128.

Hull RG , Harris N. , Gharavi AE Antieardiolipin antibodies: occurrence in Behcet's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1984 ;43:746.

129.

Harris NE , Spinnato JA Shrauld anticardiolipin tests be performed in otherwise healthy pregnant women ? Am J Obstet Gynecol 199 1; 165:1272.

130.

Buchanan NM , Khamashta MA Morton KE , et al. A study of 100 high-risk lupus pregnancies . Am J Reprod Immunol 1 992;28: 192,

131.

Anticardiolipin antibodies: a risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis [editorial]. Lancet 1985 :1:912.

132.

Kwak JY , Gilman-Sachs A. , Beaman KD , et al. Reproductive outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions of alloimmune and autoimmune causes: preconception versus postcanception treatment . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1787.

133.

Bick RL Recurrent miscarriage syndrome and infertility caused by blood coagulation protein or platelet defects. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2000:14:1117.

134.

Rand JH , Wu XX Antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin-V antithrombotic shield: a new mechanism for thrombosis in the anti phospholipid syndrome. Thromb Huemost 1999,82: 649.

135.

Rand JH , Wu XX , Andree HA , et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies accelerate plasma coagulation by inhibiting annexin-V binding to phospholipids: a "lupus procoagulant" phenomenon . Blood 1998; 92:1652.

136.

Rauch J. Lupus anticoagulant antibodies: recognition of phospholipid-binding protein complexes. Lupus 1998;7(suppl 2):S29.

137.

Rote NS , Vogt E. DeVere G. , et al. The role of placental trophoblast in the pathophysiology of the antiphasphotipid antibody syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998;39:125.

138.

Vogt E. Ng AK Rote NS Antiphasphatidylserine antibody removes annexin-V and facilitates the binding of prothrombin at the surface of a choriocarcinoma model of trophoblast differentiation . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177:964.

139.

Lakasing L. , Campa JS Poston R. , et al. Normal expression of tissue factor thrombomodulin and annexin V in placentas from women with antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181:180.

140.

Siaka C. , Lambert M. Caron C , et al. Low prevalence of anti-annexin V antibodies in antiphosphotipid syndrome with fetal loss. Rev Med Interne 1999:20:762.

141.

Lin QD investigation of the association between autoantibodies and recurrent abortions . Chin J Obstet Gynecol 1993:28:674.

142.

Pararzini F. , Acaia B. Faden D. Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1991 :77:834.

143.

Grandone E. , Margaglione M. Vecchione G. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of fetal loss: a pilot report of a cross-sectional study [abstract] . Thromb Haemost 1993,69:597.

144.

Birdsall M. Pattison N. Chamley L. Antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1992 ;32:328.

145.

Maclean MA Cumming GP , McCall F. The prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with a history of first trimester miscarriages . Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101:103.

146.

Howard MA Firkin BG , Healy DL Lupus anticoagulant in a woman with multiple spontaneous miscarriage . Am J Hemotal 1987:26:175.

147.

Taylor M. , Cauchi MN Buchanan Rrc. The lupras anticoagulant anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent miscarriage . Am J Reprod Immunol 1990;23:33.

148.

Parke AL , Wilson D. Maier D. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion women with successful pregnancies and women who have never been pregnant . Arthritis Rheum 1991 ;34:1231.

149.

Kochenour NK Branch DW , Rote NS A new postpartum syndrome associated with antiphasphotipid antibodies. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:460.

150.

Intrator L. , Oksenhendler E. , Desforges L. Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infected patients with or without immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haeinatol 1988;67:269.

151.

Canoso RT , Zon LI Groopman JE Anticardiolipin antibodies associated with HTLV-III infection. Br J Haematol 1987 ;65:495.

152.

Panzer S. , Stain C. , Hartl H. Anticardiolipin antibodies are elevated in HiV-1 infected haemophiliacs but do not predict for disease progression. Thromb Haemovt 1989;61:81.

153.

Stimmler MM , Quismorio FP , McGehee WG Anticardiolipin antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:1833.

154.

Vaarala 0, Palosuo T, Kleemola M. Anticardiolipin response in acute infections . Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1986;4t:8.

155.

Violi F. , Ferro D. , Quintarelli C. Dilute aPTT prolongation by antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb Haemost 1990;63:183.

156.

Harrison RL , Alperin JB , Kumar D.

Concurrent lupus anticoagulants and prothrombin deficiency due to phenytoin use. Arch Patliol

Lab Med 1987; 111:719.

157.

Lillicrap DP , Pinto M. , Benford K. Heterogeneity of laboratory test results for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients treated with chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines. Am J Clin Pathol 1990: 93:771.

158.

Walenga J. Bick M. RL. Heparin-induced thromboeytopenia paradoxical thromboembolism and other side effects of heparin therapy. Cardiol Clin 1998;2:123.

159.

Girolami B. , Prandoni P. Rossi L , et al. Transaminase elevation in patients treated with unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin for venous thromboembolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1998;4:126.

160.

Schved JF Dupuy-Fons C. , Biron C. A prospective epidemiological study on the occurrence of antiphasphalipid antibody: the Montpellier Antiphospholipid (MAP) Study.Haernostasis 1994; 24:175.

161.

Vila P. , Hernandez MC , Lopez-Femandez MF Prevalence follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemost 1994:72:209.

162.

Bick RL Ancypa D. The antiphospholipid and thrombosis syndromes: clinical and laboratory correlates . Clin Lab Med 1995: 15:63.

163.

Falcon CR , Hoffer AM Forastiero RR et al. Clinical significance of various ELISA assays for detecting anti phospholipid antibodies. Thromb Haemost 1990:64:21.

164.

Loizou S. , McCrea JD , Rudge AC , et al. Measurement of anticardiolipin antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): standardization and quantitation of results. Clin Exp Immunol 1985:62:738.

165.

Reyes H. , Dearing L. Bick RL et al. Laboratory diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndromes. Clin Lab Med 1995; 15:85.

166.

Triplett DA Laboratory evaluation of circulating anticoagulants. (Chapter 98) In: Bick RL. Bennett RM , Brynes RK , et al., eds. Hematology: Clinical and Laboratory Practice. St. Louis : Mosby; 1993:1539.

167.

Mannucci PM Canciani MT , Mari D. , et al. The varied sensitivity of partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time reagents in the demonstration of the lupus-like inhibitor. Scand J Haematol 1979 ;22:423.

168.

Bick RL , Pascoe HR , Laughlin WR Efficacy of four common activated partial thromboplastin times in screening for the lupus anticoagulant [abstract]. Blood 1994:84:82.

169.

Saxena R. , Saraya AK , Kotte VK et al. Evaluation of four coagulation tests to detect plasma lupus anticoagulants. Am J Clin Pathol 1991-.96:755.

170.

Exner T. , Triplett DA , Taberner D. et al. Guidelines for testing and revised criteria for lupus anticoitgulants . Thromb Haemost 1991: 65:320.

171.

Bell HG Alton HG A brain extract as a substitute for platelet suspensions in the thromboplastin generation test. Nature 1954 ; 174:880.

172.

Rauch J. Tannenbaum M. Janoff AS Distinguishing plasma lupus anticoagulants from anti-factor antibodies using hexagonal (II) phase phospholipids. Thromb Haemost 1989,62:892.

173.

Cabral AR Amigo MC Cabiedes J. et al. The antiphospholipid/cofactor syndromes: a primary variant with antibodies to beta-2-glycoprotein-1 but no antibodies detectable in standard antiphosphotipid assays. Am J Med 1996; 101:472.

174.

Falcon CR , Hoffer AM , Carreras LO Antiphasphatidylinasital antibodies as markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome . Thromb Haemost 1990;63:32 1.

175.

Falcon CR , Hoffer AM , Carreras LO Evaluation of the clinical and laboratory associations of antiphasphatidylethanalarrrine antibodies. Thromb Res 1990-,59:383.

176.

Sorice M. , Circella A. Garofalo GT , et al. Anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2-GPI are two distinct populations of antibodies. Thromb Haemost 1996;75:303.

177.

Martinuzzo ME Forastiero RR , Carreras LO Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies: detection and association with thrombosis. Br J Haematol 1995;89:397.

178.

Staub HL , Harris EN Khamashta MA et al. Antibody to phosphatidylethanolamine in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and thrombosis Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48: 166.