This study proposes including variables related to information exposure as background variables in a theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. Minimizing the spread of aquatic invasive species by anglers provides context. A survey was administered to anglers that included TPB and information channel items. Regression analysis found that exposure to information from different channels was associated with TPB variables, though the direction and strength varied. Including information exposure in a TPB model may clarify underlying mechanisms in environmental behavior change campaigns.
AjzenI. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In KuhlJ.BeckmannJ. (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
2.
AjzenI. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26, 1113-1127.
3.
AmatoM. S.ShawB. R.HaackJ. (2012). The challenge of self-enhancement bias for educational programs designed to encourage natural shorelines. Lake and Reservoir Management, 28, 206-211.
4.
ArmitageC. J.ConnerM. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
5.
BevilleS. T.KerrG. N.HugheyK. F. D. (2012). Valuing impacts of the invasive alga Didymosphenia geminata on recreational angling. Ecological Economies, 82, 1-10.
6.
BinderA. R.ScheufeleD. A.BrossardD.GuntherA. C. (2011). Interpersonal amplification of risk? Citizen discussions and their impact on perceptions of risks and benefits of a biological research facility. Risk Analysis, 31, 324-334.
7.
BrewerP. R.LeyB. L. (2013). Whose science do you believe? Explaining trust in sources of scientific information about the environment. Science Communication, 35, 115-137.
8.
CameronE. K.YuckinS. J.BayneE. M. (2013). Communicating research with the public: Evaluation of an invasive earthworm education program. NeoBiota, 19, 83-97.
9.
ChanK. (1998). Mass communication and pro-environmental behavior: Waste recycling in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Management, 52, 317-325.
10.
CialdiniR. B. (2003). Crafting normative messages to protect the environment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 105-109.
11.
CialdiniR. B.DemaineL. J.SagarinB. J.BarrettD. W.RhoadsK.WinterP. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1, 3-15.
12.
CohnS. S.HendricksW. W.ChavezD. J. (2008). Visitor compliance with fire restrictions: An observational study using verbal messages and symbolic signage. In ChavezD. J.AbsherJ. D.WinterP. L. (Eds.), Fire social science research from the Pacific Southwest Research Station: Studies supported by National Fire Plan funds (General Technical Report PSW GTR-209; pp. 33-43). Retrieved from http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr209/psw_gtr209.pdf
13.
ConnellyN. A.O’NeillC. R.Jr.KnuthB. A.BrownT. L. (2007). Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities. Environmental Management, 40, 105-112.
14.
ConnerM.ArmitageC. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464.
15.
CorbettJ. B. (2002). Motivations to participate in riparian improvement programs: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Science Communication, 23, 243-263.
16.
DalrympleK. E.ShawB. R.BrossardD. (2013). Following the leader: Using opinion leaders in environmental strategic communication. Society & Natural Resources, 26, 1438-1453.
17.
DunwoodyS.GriffinR. J. (2014). The role of channel beliefs in risk information seeking. In ArvaiJ.RiversL. III (Eds.), Effective risk communication (pp. 220-233). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
18.
DwyerW. O.HuffmanM. GJarrattL. H. (1989). A comparison of strategies for gaining compliance with campground regulations. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 7(4), 21-30.
19.
FishbeinM. (1963). An investigation of the relationships between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward that object. Human Relations, 16, 233-239.
20.
GriffinR. J.DunwoodyS.NeuwirthK. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80, S230-S245.
21.
GriskeviciusV.CialdiniR. B.GoldsteinN. J. (2008). Social norms: An underestimated and underemployed lever for managing climate change. International Journal of Sustainability Communication, 3, 5-13.
22.
HartP. S.NisbetE. C.ShanahanJ. E. (2011). Environmental values and the social amplification of risk: An examination of how environmental values and media use influence predispositions for public engagement in wildlife management decision making. Society & Natural Resources, 24, 276-291.
23.
HorschE. J.LewisD. J. (2009). The effects of aquatic invasive species on property values: Evidence from a quasi-experiment. Land Economics, 85, 391-409.
24.
HowellA. P.ShawB. R.AlvarezG. (2014). Bait shops owners as opinion leaders: A test of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental outreach behaviors and intentions. Environment & Behavior. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0013916514539684
25.
KatzE. (1957). The two-step flow of communication: An up-to-date report on an hypothesis. Political Opinion Quarterly, 21, 61-78.
26.
KellyJ. A.St. LawrenceJ. S.StevensonL. Y.HauthA. C.KalichmanS. C.DiazY. E.. . . MorganM. G. (1992). Community AIDS/HIV risk reduction: The effects of endorsements by popular people in three cities. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1483-1489.
27.
KolarC. S.LodgeD. M. (2000). Freshwater nonindigenous species: Interactions with other global changes. In MooneyH. A.HobbsR. J. (Eds.), Invasive species in a changing world (pp. 3-30). Washington, DC: Island Press.
28.
KollmussA.AgyemanJ. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?Environmental Education Research, 8, 239-260.
29.
LadwigP.DalrympleK. E.BrossardD.ScheufeleD. A.CorleyE. A. (2012). Perceived familiarity or factual knowledge? Comparing operationalizations of scientific understanding. Science and Public Policy, 39, 761-774.
30.
LindellM. K.PerryR. W. (2012). The protective action decision model: Theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis, 32, 616-632.
31.
LobbA. E.MazzocchiM.TraillW. B. (2007). Modeling risk perception and trust in food safety information within the theory of planned behavior. Food Quality and Preference, 18, 384-395.
32.
McKenzie-MohrD.NemiroffL. S.BeersL.DesmaraisS. (1995). Determinants of responsible environmental behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 51(4), 139-156.
33.
NiederdeppeJ.HornikR. C.KellyB. J.FroschD. L.RomantanA.StevensR. S.. . . SchwartzJ.S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22, 153-167.
34.
NoarS. M. (2006). A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here?Journal of Health Communication, 11, 21-42.
35.
OreskaM. P. J.AldridgeD. C. (2011). Estimating the financial costs of freshwater invasive species in Great Britain: A standardized approach to invasive species costing. Biological Invasions, 13, 305-319.
36.
OsborneJ. W.WatersE. (2002). Four assumptions of multiple regression that researchers should always test. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?n=2&v=8
37.
RothlisbergerJ. D.ChaddertonW. L.McNultyJ.LodgeD. M. (2010). Aquatic invasive species transport via trailered boats: What is being moved, who is moving it, and what can be done?Fisheries, 35, 121-132.
38.
SchultzP. W.KhazianA. M.ZaleskiA. C. (2008). Using normative social influence to promote conservation among hotel guests. Social Influence, 3, 4-23.
39.
ShawB. R. (2010). Using temporally oriented social science models and audience segmentation to influence environmental behaviors. In KahlorL.StoutP.A. (Eds.), Communicating science: New agendas in communication (pp. 109-130). New York, NY: Routledge.
40.
ShawB. R.DalrympleK. E.BrossardD. (2012). Factors associated with behavioral compliance to prevent the spread of viral hemorrhagic septicemia. Journal of Extension, 50. Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/2012april/a9.php
41.
ShawB. R.HowellA.GenskowK. (2014). Evaluation of a movie theater advertisement campaign to promote behaviors that prevent spread of aquatic invasive species. Society & Natural Resources, 27, 768-776.
42.
SinclairJ.MazzottiF.GrahamJ. (2003). Motives to seek threatened and endangered species information for land-use decisions. Science Communication, 25, 39-55.
43.
StrayerD. L. (2010). Alien species in fresh waters: Ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects for the future. Freshwater Biology, 55(Suppl. 1), 152-174.
44.
SuL. Y.-F.CacciatoreM. A.ScheufeleD. A.BrossardD.XenosM. A. (2014). Inequalities in scientific understanding: Differentiating between factual and perceived knowledge gaps. Science Communication, 36, 352-378.
45.
TrumboC. W.O’KeefeG. J. (2001). Intention to conserve water: Environmental values, planned behavior, and information effects. A comparison of three communities sharing a watershed. Society & Natural Resources, 14, 889-899.
46.
TrumboC. W.O’KeefeG. J. (2005). Intention to conserve water: Environmental values, reasoned action, and information effects across time. Society & Natural Resources, 18, 573-585.
47.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, & U.S. Census Bureau. (2014a). 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/fhw11-nat.pdf
48.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, & U.S. Census Bureau. (2014b). 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation: Wisconsin. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/fhw11-wi.pdf
49.
YangZ. J.SeoM.RickardL. N.HarrisonT. M. (2015). Information sufficiency and attribution of responsibility: Predicting support for climate change policy and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Risk Research, 18(6), 727-746. doi:10.1080/13669877.2014.910692
50.
ZhangC.BoyleK. J. (2010). The effect of an aquatic invasive species (Eurasian watermilfoil) on lakefront property values. Ecological Economies, 70, 394-404.
