Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) is a widely adopted framework to support the social, emotional, and behavioral growth of all students. This article addresses two key questions related to supporting students with disabilities through PBIS: (a) Why focus on universal classroom PBIS practices?—without support, students with disabilities experience poor outcomes—and (b) How do you implement PBIS in classrooms that support all students?—differentiate and intensify supports.
AlbertoP. A.TroutmanA. C. (2013). Applied behavior analysis for teachers (9th ed.). Pearson Education.
2.
AlldayR. A.BushM.TicknorN.WalkerL. (2011). Using teacher greetings to increase speed to task engagement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44(2), 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-393
3.
AlldayR. A.Hinkson-LeeK.HudsonT.Neilsen-GattiS.KleinkeA.RusselC. S. (2012). Training general educators to increase behavior-specific praise: Effects on students with EBD. Behavioral Disorders, 37(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/019874291203700203
4.
AlldayR. A.PakurarK. (2007). Effects of teacher greetings on student on-task behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.86-06
5.
AlterP.HaydonT. (2017). Characteristics of effective classroom rules: A review of the literature. Teacher Education and Special Education, 40, 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406417700962
6.
BakerJ. D. (1992). Correcting the oral reading errors of a beginning reader. Journal of Behavioral Education, 4, 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00952353
7.
BarbettaP. M.HewardW. L.BradleyD. M.MillerA. D. (1994). Effects of immediate and delayed error correction on the acquisition and maintenance of sight words by students with developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 177–178. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1994.27-177
8.
BastableE.KittelmanA.McIntoshK. (2015, March). Do high schools implementing SWPBIS have lower rates of illegal drug and alcohol use?Center on PBIS, University of Oregon. www.pbis.org
9.
BradleyR.DoolittleJ.BartolottaR. (2008). Building on the data and adding to the discussion: The experiences and outcomes of students with emotional disturbance. Journal of Behavioral Education, 17(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-007-9058-6
10.
BradshawC.WaasdorpT.LeafP. (2012). Effects of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports on child behavior problems. Pediatrics, 130, 1136–1145. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0243d
11.
BradshawC. P.KothC. W.BevansK. B.IalongoN.LeafP. J. (2008). The impact of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports on the organizational health of elementary schools. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012883
12.
BradshawC. P.MitchellM. M.LeafP. J. (2010). Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709334798
13.
CaldarellaP.WillsH. P.AndersonD. H.WilliamsL. (2019). Managing student behavior in the middle grades using class-wide function-related intervention teams. Research in Middle Level Education, 42, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2019.1654799
14.
Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports. (2015). Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) implementation blueprint. University of Oregon. www.pbis.org
15.
ChildsK. E.KincaidD.Peshak GeorgeH.GageN. A. (2016). The relationship between school-wide implementation of positive behavior intervention and supports and student discipline outcomes. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 18, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300715590398
16.
ConroyM. A.AsmusJ. M.SellersJ. A.LadwigC. N. (2005). The use of an antecedent-based intervention to decrease stereotypic behavior in a general education classroom: A case study. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 204(4), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576050200040401
17.
CookC. R.FiatA.LarsonM.DaikosC.SlemrodT.HollandE. A.ThayerA. J.RenshawT. (2018). Positive greetings at the door: Evaluation of a low-cost, high-yield proactive classroom management strategy. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717753831
18.
CookC. R.GradyE. A.LongA. C.RenshawT.CoddingR. S.FiatA.LarsonM. (2017). Evaluating the impact of increasing general education teachers’ ratio of positive to negative interactions on students’ classroom behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300716679137
19.
DownsK. R.CaldarellaP.LarsenR. A.CharltonC. T.WillsH. P.KampsD. M.WehbyJ. H. (2019). Teacher praise and reprimands: The differential response of students at risk of emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 21, 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300718800824
20.
FreemanJ.SimonsenB.McCoachD. B.SugaiG.LombardiA.HornerR. (2015). Relationship between school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports and academic, attendance, and behavior outcomes in high schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 18, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300715580992
21.
GageN. A.Grasley-BoyN.Peshak GeorgeH.ChildsK.KincaidD. (2018). A quasi-experimental design analysis of the effects of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports on discipline in Florida. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 21, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300718768208
22.
Grasley-BoyN.GageN. A.LombardoM. (2019). Effect of SWPBIS on disciplinary exclusions for students with and without disabilities. Exceptional Children, 86, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014402919854196
23.
HaydonT.HunterW.ScottT. M. (2019). Active supervision: Preventing problem behaviors before they occur. Beyond Behavior, 281(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1074295619835190
24.
HaydonT.MacSuga-GageA. S.SimonsenB.HawkinsR. (2012). Opportunities to respond: A key component of effective education. Beyond Behavior, 22, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/107429561202200105
25.
HornerR. H.SugaiG.SmolkowskiK.EberL.NakasatoJ.ToddA. W.EsperanzaJ. (2009). A randomized, wait-list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709332067
26.
KernL.ClemensN. H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20206
27.
LeeA.GageN. A. (2020). Updating and expanding systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports. Psychology in the Schools, 57, 783–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22336
28.
LewisT. J.ColvinG.SugaiG. (2000). The effects of pre-correction and active supervision on the recess behavior of elementary students. Education and Treatment of Children, 23, 109–121.
29.
LomanS. L.Strickland-CohenM. K.WalkerV. L. (2018). Promoting the accessibility of SWPBIS for students with severe disabilities. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717733976
30.
MacSuga-GageA. S.SimonsenB. (2015). Examining the effects of teacher-directed opportunities to respond on student outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Education & Treatment of Children, 38, 211–239. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2015.0009
31.
MathewsS.McIntoshK.FrankJ. L.MayS. (2014). Critical features predicting sustained implementation of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14, 168–178.
PartinT. C. M.RobertsonR. E.MagginD. M.OliverR. M.WehbyJ. H. (2010). Using teacher praise and opportunities to respond to promote appropriate student behavior. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54, 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10459880903493179
35.
RossS. W.RomerN.HornerR. H. (2012). Teacher well-being and the implementation of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14, 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300711413820
36.
SanfordC.NewmanL.WagnerM.CametoR.KnokeyA. M.ShaverD. (2011). The post-high school outcomes of young adults with disabilities up to 6 years after high school: Key findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) (NCSER 2011-3004). SRI International.
37.
ScottT. M.ParkK. L.Swain-BradwayJ.LandersE. (2007). Positive behavior support in the classroom: Facilitating behaviorally inclusive learning environments. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 3, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100800
38.
ShusterB. C.GustafsonJ. R.JenkinsA. B.LloydB. P.CarterE. W.BernsteinC. F. (2017). Including students with disabilities in Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Experiences and perspectives of special educators. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 19, 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300716675734
SutherlandK. S.WehbyJ. H. (2001). The effect of self-evaluation on teaching behavior in classrooms for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Special Education, 35, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246690103500306
VincentC. G.Swain-BradwayJ.TobinT. J.MayS. (2011). Disciplinary referrals for culturally and linguistically diverse students with and without disabilities: Patterns resulting from school-wide positive behavior support. Exceptionality, 19, 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/09362835.2011.579936
43.
WertsM.ZigmondN.LeeperD. (2001). Paraprofessional proximity and academic engagement: Students with disabilities in primary aged classrooms. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 36(4), 424–440.
44.
WongH. K.WongR. T. (2009). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Wong.