Comparable subjects except for the knowledge of orthography and school attendance in the proper age provided the case material for a series of studies that are reviewed. The results suggest that the acquisition of orthographic skills provides a basis for changes in the pattern of activation of the brain.
Neville HJ, Bavelier D.Neural organization and plasticity of language. Curr Opin Neurobiol1998;8:254-258.
2.
Patterson K, Ralph MAL. Selective disorders of reading?Curr Opin Neurobiol1999;9:235-239.
3.
Price CJ. The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production. Trends in Cognitive Sciences1998;2:281-288.
4.
Neville HJ. Developmental specificity in neurocognitive development in humans. In: Gazzaniga MS, editor. The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1995. p. 219-234.
5.
Démonet J-F, Chollet F, Ramsay S, et al.The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain1992;115:1753-1768.
6.
Fiez JA, Petersen SE. Neuroimaging studies of word reading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1998;95:914-921.
7.
Bradley L, Bryant P.Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection. Nature1983;301:419-421.
8.
Bradley L, Bryant P.Phonological skills before and after learning to read. In: Brady SA, Shankweiler DP, editors. Phonological processes in literacy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1991. p. 37-45.
9.
Morais J, Cary L, Alegria J, Bertelson P.Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously?Cognition1979;7:323-331.
10.
Ardila A, Rosselli M, Rosas P.Neuropsychological assessement in illiterates: visuospatial and memory abilities. Brain and Cognition1989;11:147-166.
11.
Rosselli M, Ardila A, Rosas P.Neuropsychological assessement in illiterates: II. Language and praxic abilities. Brain and Cognition1990;12:281-296.
12.
Reis A, Castro-Caldas A.Illiteracy: a bias for cognitive development. J Int Neuropsychol Soc1997;3:444-450.
13.
Reis A, Guerreiro M, Castro-Caldas A.Influence of educational level of non brain-damaged subjects on visual naming capacities. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol1994;16:939-942.
14.
Reis A, Castro-Caldas A.Learning to read and write increases the efficacy of reaching a target in two dimensional space. J Int Neuropsychol Soc1997;3:222.
15.
Castro-Caldas A, Petersson KM, Reis A, Stone-Elander S, Ingvar M.The illiterate brain: learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organisation of the adult brain. Brain1998;121:1053-1063.
16.
Petersson KM, Reis A, Askelof S, Castro-Caldas A, Ingvar M.Language processing modulated by literacy: a network analysis of verbal repetition in literate and illiterate subjects. J Cogn Neurosci (in press).
17.
McIntosh AR, Gonzalez-Lima F.Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging. Hum Brain Map1994;2:2-22.
Damásio AR, Castro-Caldas A, Grosso JT, Ferro JM. Brain specialization for language does not depend on literacy. Arch Neurol1976;33:300-301.
20.
Damásio AR, Hamsher K, Castro-Caldas A, Ferro JM, Grosso JT. Letter to the editor. Arch Neurol1976;33:662.
21.
Lecours AR, Melher J, Parente MA, et al.Illiteracy and brain damage: 3. A contribution to the study of speech and language disorders in illiterates with unilateral brain damage (initial testing). Neuropsychologia1988;26:575-589.
22.
Lecours AR, Melher J, Parente MA, et al., Illiteracy and brain damage: 1. Aphasia testing in culturally contrasted populations (control subjects). Neuropsychologia1987;25:231-245.
23.
Petersson KM, Reis A, Askelöf S, Castro-Caldas A, Ingvar M.Differences in inter-hemispheric interaction between literate and illiterate subjects during verbal repetition. Neuroimage1998;7: S217.
24.
Duara R, Kushch A, Gross-Glenn K, et al.Neuroanatomic differences between dyslexic and normal readers on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Arch Neurol1991;48:410-416.
25.
Hynd GW, Hall J, Novey ES, et al.Dyslexia and corpus callosum morphology. Arch Neurol1995;52:32-38.
26.
Larsen JP, Hoien T, Odegaard H.Magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in developmental dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology1992;9:123-134.
27.
Oppenheim JS, Skerry JE, Tramo MJ, Gazzaniga MS. Magnetic resonance imaging morphology of the corpus callosum in monozygotic twins. Ann Neurol1989;26:100-104.
28.
Cowell PE, Allen LS, Zalatimo NS, Denenberg VH. A developmental study of sex and age interactions in the human corpus callosum. Developmental Brain Research1992;66:187-192.
29.
Pujol J, Vendrell P, Junque C, Mart¡-Vilalta JL, Capdevilla A.When does human brain development end? Evidence of the corpus callosum growth up to adulthood. Ann Neurol1993;34:71-75.
30.
Witelson SF. Sex differences in neuroanatomical changes with aging. N Engl J Med1991;325:211-212.
31.
Castro-Caldas A, Miranda P, Carmo I, et al.Influence of learning to read and write on the morphology of the corpus callosum. European Journal of Neurology1999;6:23-28.
32.
Denenberg VH, Kertez A, Cowell E.A factor analysis of the human’s corpus callosum. Brain Research1991;548:126-132.
33.
Pandya DN, Seltzer B.The topography of commmisural fibers. In: Lepore F, Ptito M, Jaspar H, editors. Two hemispheres—one brain: functions of the corpus callossum. New York: Alan R Liss; 1986. p. 47-73.
34.
Reis A, Petersson KM, Rosenlund M, Castro-Caldas A, Ingvar M.The modulatory influence of literacy on the activation pattern during encoding and retrieval of auditory-verbal information. NeuroImage1999;9:S1086.
35.
Petersson KM, Reis A, Castro-Caldas A, Ingvar M.Effective auditory-verbal encoding activates the left prefontal and the medial temporal lobes: a generalization to illiterate subjects. NeuroImage1999;10:45-54.
36.
Brewer JB, Zhao Z, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli, JDE. Making memories: brain activity that predicts how well visual experience will be remembered. Science1998;281:1185-1187.
37.
Wagner AD, Schacter DL, Rotte M, Koutsmal W, Maril A, Dale A, et al.Building memories: remembering and forgetting verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Science1998;281:1188-1191.
38.
Coppens P, Lebrun Y, Basso A, editors. Aphasia in atypical populations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1998.
