The Safety of NSAIDs and Related Drugs for the Management of Acute Pain: Maximizing Benefits and Minimizing Risks

Carr D.B. . Clinical pain management guidelines. Am J Orthop. 1998; 27(suppl): 2–6.

Gurwitz J.H. , Avorn J. , Bohn R.L. . Initiation of antihypertensive treatment during nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. JAMA. 1994; 272: 781–786.

Vane J.R. . Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol. 1971; 231: 232–235.

Faulkner G. , Prichard P. , Somerville K. . Aspirin and bleeding peptic ulcers in the elderly. Br Med J. 1988; 297: 1311–1313.

Griffin M.R. , Piper J.M. , Daugherty J.R. . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114: 257–263.

Fries J.F. , Miller S.R. , Spitz P.W. . Toward an epidemiology of gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. J Gastroenterol. 1989; 96: 647–655.

Laneuville O. , Breuer D.K. , Dewitt D.L. . Differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994; 271: 927–934.

Gabriel S.E. , Jaakkimainen L. , Bombardier C. . Risk for serious gastrointestinal complications related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115: 787–796.

Hamilton F.A. . Non-narcotic analgesics: renal and gastrointestinal considerations. Introduction. Am J Med. 1998; 105(1B): 1S.

Johnson A.G. . NSAIDs and blood pressure: clinical importance for older patients. Drugs Aging. 1998; 12: 17–27.

Johnson A.G. , Nguyen T.V. , Day R.O. . Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect blood pressure? A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121: 289–300.

Johnson A.G. . NSAIDs and blood pressure. Clinical importance for older patients. Drugs Aging. 1998; 12: 17–27.

Mene P. , Pugliese F. , Patrono C. . The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human hypertensive vascular disease. Semin Nephrol. 1995; 15: 244–252.

Jaffe I.A. . Managing the patient at risk for NSAIDs toxicity. Scientific Therapeutics Information. Springfield, NJ: 1997: 29–32.

Laine L. . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs gastropathy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 1996; 6: 489–504.

Simon L.S. . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their effects: the importance of COX “selectivity.” J Clin Rheumatol. 1996; 2: 135–140.

Schiodt F.V. , Rochling F.A. , Casey D.L. . Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1112–1117.

Remick R.A. . Anticholinergic side effects of tricyclic antidepressants and their management. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1988; 12: 225–231.

Guzzo C.A. , Lazarus G.S. , Werth V.P. . Dermatological pharmacology. In: Hardman J.G. , Limbird L.E. , eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division; 1996: 1593–1616.

Ultram (tramadol hydrochloride tablets) package insert. Raritan, NJ: Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Inc; 1998.