The incidence of bladder and prostate cancer continues to rise, with little accompanying improvement in management strategies. Opportunities exist for testing various types of chemopreventive interventions.
Methods
The authors review the biology of progression to invasive disease for cancers of the bladder and the prostate and identify intermediate disease and surrogate endpoint markers. Candidate interventions and initial clinical trial results are described.
Results
Markers of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as antigens such as Lex, M344, DD23, and bladder tumor antigen, are promising for bladder cancer. Testing with prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen is promising for prostate cancer. Several prevention intervention trials are in progress for both cancers.
Conclusions
Vitamins, polyamine synthesis inhibitors, and oltipras are undergoing clinical tests for chemopreventive effects in bladder cancer, and a large trial of finasteride to prevent prostate cancer is completing accrual. Results from these studies will direct future research.
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