SiegelR., MaJ., ZouZ.. Cancer statistics, 2014.CA Cancer J Clin.2014; 64(1): 9–29.
2.
FerlayJ., SoerjomataramI., ErvikM., eds. GLOBOCAN 2012: estimated cancer incidence and mortality prevalence worldwide in 2012.http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx. Accessed March 5, 2014.
3.
BrayF., RenJ.S., MasuyerE.. Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008.Int J Cancer.2013; 132(5): 1133–1145.
ZhangB.H., YangB.H., TangZ.Y.. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma.J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.2004; 130(7): 417–422.
9.
van MeerS., de ManR.A., SiersemaP.D., van ErpecumK.J.. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease: evidence and controversies.World J Gastroenterol.2013; 19(40): 6744–6756.
European Association For The Study Of The Liver; European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer.EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma.J Hepatol.2012; 56(4): 908–943.
13.
OmataM., LesmanaL.A., TateishiR.. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatol Int.2010; 4(2): 439–474.
14.
LlovetJ.M., Di BisceglieA.M., BruixJ.. Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma.J Natl Cancer Inst.2008; 100(10): 698–711.
15.
EdgeS.B., ByrdD.R., ComptonC.C.. eds. American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual.7th ed.Springer; New York, NY.2010: 175.
16.
OkudaK., OhtsukiT., ObataH.. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients.Cancer.1985; 56(4): 918–928.
17.
Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators.Prospective validation of the CLIP score: a new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology.2000; 31(4): 840–845.
18.
LlovetJ.M., BrúC., BruixJ.. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification.Semin Liver Dis.1999; 19(3): 329–338.
19.
ChevretS., TrinchetJ.C., MathieuD.; Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hépatocellulaire. A new prognostic classification for predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.J Hepatol.1999; 31(1): 133–141.
20.
LeungT.W., TangA.M., ZeeB.. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients.Cancer.2002; 94(6): 1760–1769.
21.
PonsF., VarelaM., LlovetJ.M.. Staging systems in hepatocellular carcinoma.HPB (Oxford).2005; 7(1): 35–41.
22.
O'NeilB.H., VenookA.P.. Hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of the North American GI Steering Committee Hepatobiliary Task Force and the advent of effective drug therapy.Oncologist.2007; 12(12): 1425–1432.
23.
MarreroJ.A., KudoM., BronowickiJ.P.. The challenge of prognosis and staging for hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncologist.2010; (15 suppl 4): 23–33.
24.
Huitzil-MelendezF.D., CapanuM., O'ReillyE.M.. Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: which staging systems best predict prognosis?J Clin Oncol.2010; 28(17): 2889–2895.
25.
GhanyS.M., HoofnagleJ.H.. Approach to the patient with liver disease. In: KasperD.L., FauciA.S., LongoD.L.. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.16th ed.New York: McGraw-Hill;2005: 1808–1813.
26.
WaldC., RussoM.W., HeimbachJ.K.. New OPTN/UNOS policy for liver transplant allocation: standardization of liver imaging, diagnosis, classification, and reporting of hepatocellular carcinoma.Radiology.2013; 266(2): 376–382.
27.
IkaiI., AriiS., KojiroM.. Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey.Cancer.2004; 101(4): 796–802.
28.
FengK., YanJ., LiX.. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma.J Hepatol.2012; 57(4): 794–802.
29.
US Department of Health and Human Services; Health Resources and Services Administration; Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. U.S. liver transplants performed: January 1, 1988, to November 30, 2013. http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/latestData/rptData.asp. Accessed February 15, 2014.
KudoM.. Adjuvant therapy after curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncology.2011; 81(Suppl 1): 50–55.
32.
ZhuangL., ZengX., YangZ., MengZ.. Effect and safety of interferon for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One.2013-17; 8(9): e61361.
33.
MazzaferroV., RomitoR., SchiavoM.. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis.Hepatology.2006; 44(6): 1543–1554.
34.
Bayer. A phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sorafenib as adjuvant treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection or local ablation. Clinical Trials.gov Web site. Updated December 20, 2013. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00692770. Accessed January 20, 2014.
35.
Amgen Inc. Bayer and Onyx report phase 3 study results of NEXA-VAR (sorafenib) as adjuvant treatment for patients with liver cancer who have undergone surgery or local ablation [press release]. Published March 11, 2014. http://www.amgen.com/media/media_pr_detail.jsp?releaseID=1907747. Accessed March 18, 2014.
36.
MakuuchiM., SanoK.. The surgical approach to HCC: our progress and results in Japan.Liver Transpl.2004; 10 (2 suppl 1): S46–S52.
37.
MazzaferroV., RegaliaE., DociR.. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis.N Engl J Med.1996; 334(11): 693–699.
38.
SunC.A., WuD.M., LinC.C.. Incidence and cofactors of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of 12,008 men in Taiwan.Am J Epidemiol.2003; 157(8): 674–682.
39.
de GraafW., van LiendenK.P., van GulikT.M.. (99m)Tc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy with SPECT for the assessment of hepatic function and liver functional volume before partial hepatectomy.J Nucl Med.2010; 51(2): 229–236.
40.
de GraafW., van LiendenK.P., van den EsschertJ.W.. Increase in future remnant liver function after preoperative portal vein embolization.Br J Surg.2011; 98(6): 825–834.
41.
de GraafW., BenninkR.J., VeteläinenR., van GulikT.M.. Nuclear imaging techniques for the assessment of hepatic function in liver surgery and transplantation.J Nucl Med.2010; 51(5): 742–752.
42.
ShoupM., GonenM., D'AngelicaM.. Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection.J Gastrointest Surg.2003; 7(3): 325–330.
43.
KleinJ., DawsonL.A.. Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation therapy: review of evidence and future opportunities [published correction appears in Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 88(2): 461-462].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2013; 87(1): 22–32.
44.
KleinJ., DawsonL.. Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation therapy: review of evidence and future opportunities.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2013; 87(1): 22–32.
45.
BujoldA., MasseyC.A., KimJ.J.. Sequential phase I and II trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.J Clin Oncol.2013; 31(13): 1631–1639.
46.
FornerA., LlovetJ.M., BruixJ.. Chemoembolization for intermediate HCC: is there proof of survival benefit?J Hepatol.2012; 56(4): 984–986.
47.
LencioniR.. Chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Liver Cancer.2012; 1(1): 41–50.
48.
SalemR., LewandowskiR.J., MulcahyM.F.. Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using yttrium-90 microspheres: a comprehensive report of long-term outcomes.Gastroenterology.2010; 138(1): 52–64.
49.
LlovetJ.M., RealM.I., MontañaX.. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet.2002; 359(9319): 1734–1739.
50.
LoC.M., NganH., TsoW.K.. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology.2002; 35(5): 1164–1171.
51.
MeyerT., KirkwoodA., RoughtonM.. A randomised phase II/III trial of 3-weekly cisplatin-based sequential transarterial chemoembolisation vs embolisation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma.Br J Cancer.2013; 108(6): 1252–1259.
52.
KimS., BrownK.T., FongY.. Embolization versus embolization and systemic therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic disease: a retrospective analysis [Abstract].J Clin Oncol.2014; 32(Suppl 3): 363.
53.
ChengA.L., KangY.K., ChenZ.. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Oncol.2009; 10(1): 25–34.
54.
LlovetJ.M., RicciS., MazzaferroV.. SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.N Engl J Med.2008; 359(4): 378–390.
LencioniR., KudoM., YeS.L.. First interim analysis of the GIDEON (global investigation of therapeutic decisions in hepatocellular carcinoma and of its treatment with sorafenib) non-interventional study.Int J Clin Pract.2012; 66(7): 675–683.
57.
Abou-AlfaG.K., SchwartzL., RicciS.. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.J Clin Oncol.2006; 24(26): 4293–4300.
58.
Abou-AlfaG.K., AmadoriD., SantoroA.. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and Child-Pugh A versus B cirrhosis.Gastrointest Cancer Res.2011; 4(2): 40–44.
59.
MillerA.A., MurryD.J., OwzarK.. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sorafenib in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: CALGB 60301.J Clin Oncol.2009; 27(11): 1800–1805.
60.
ZhuA.X., FinnR.S., MulcahyM.. A phase II and biomarker study of ramucirumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the VEGF receptor-2, as first-line monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer.Clin Cancer Res.2013; 19(23): 6614–6623.
61.
SantoroA., RimassaL., BorbathI.. Tivantinib for second-line treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.Lancet Oncol.2013; 14(1): 55–63.
62.
BruixJ., TakW.Y., GasbarriniA.. Regorafenib as second-line therapy for intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: multicentre, open-label, phase II safety study.Eur J Cancer.2013; 49(16): 3412–3419.
63.
FaivreS.J., SantoroA., KelleyR.K.. A phase 2 study of a novel transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) receptor I kinase inhibitor, LY2157299 monohydrate (LY), in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [Abstract].J Clin Oncol.2014; 32(Suppl 3): LBA173.
64.
VerslypeC., CohnA.L., KelleyR.K.. Activity of cabozantinib (XL184) in hepatocellular carcinoma: results from a phase II randomized discontinuation trial (RDT) [Abstract].J Clin Oncol.2012; 30(suppl): 4007.
65.
BertinoG., Di CarloI., ArdiriA.. Systemic therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: present and future.Future Oncol.2013; 9(10): 1533–1548.
66.
National Cancer Institute.Phase III randomized study of sorafenib plus doxorubicin versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ClinicalTrials.gov Web site. Updated February 17, 2014. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01015833. Accessed March 6, 2014.
67.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.Phase II study of sorafenib plus doxorubicin in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with disease progression on sorafenib. ClinicalTrials.gov Web site. Updated February 18, 2014. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01840592. Accessed March 14, 2014.
68.
Massachusetts General Hospital.Phase II trial of sorafenib in combination with modified FOLFOX in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. ClinicalTrials.gov Web site. Updated January 23, 2013. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01775501. Accessed January 19, 2014.
69.
Abou-AlfaG.K., VenookA.P.. The antiangiogenic ceiling in hepatocellular carcinoma: does it exist and has it been reached?Lancet Oncol.2013; 14(7): e283–e288.
70.
BoigeV., MalkaD., BourredjemA.. Efficacy, safety, and biomarkers of single-agent bevacizumab therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Oncologist.2012; 17(8): 1063–1072.
71.
JohnsonP.J., QinS., ParkJ.W.. Brivanib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the randomized phase III BRISK-FL study.J Clin Oncol.2013; 31(28): 3517–3524.
72.
FaivreS., RaymondE., BoucherE.. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase II study.Lancet Oncol.2009; 10(8): 794–800.
73.
CainapC., QinS., HuangW.T.. Phase III trial of linifanib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [Abstract].J Clin Oncol2012; 30(Suppl 34): 249.
74.
ZhuA.X., KudoM., AssenatE.. EVOLVE-1: Phase 3 study of everolimus for advanced HCC that progressed during or after sorafenib [Abstract].J Clin Oncol2014; 32(Suppl 3): 172.
75.
ZhuA.X., RosmorducO., EvansJ.. SEARCH: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [Abstract].Ann Oncol23(suppl 9): LBA2.
76.
YauT., WongH., ChanP.. Phase II study of bevacizumab and erlotinib in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with sorafenib-refractory disease.Invest New Drugs.2012; 30(6): 2384–2390.
77.
GishR.G., MarreroJ.A., BensonA.B.. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2010; 6 (3 suppl 6): 1–16.
78.
HorneP.H., CabreraR.. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of the advanced practitioner in a multidisciplinary approach.J Adv Pract Oncol.2011; 2: 263–268.