Current Perspectives on Primary Prophylaxis and Patient Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in the Cancer Patient

Hawkins D. . Pharmacoeconomics of thrombosis management. Pharmacotherapy. 2004: 24(7 pt 2): 95S–99S.

Lee A.Y. . Epidemiology and management of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Thromb Res. 2003; 4: 167–172.

Lee A.Y. , Levine M.N. . Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes. Circulation. 2003; 4: I17–I21.

Gouin-Thibaut I. , Samama M.M. . Venous thrombosis and cancer [in French]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2000; 4: 675–682.

Levesque H. , Belizna C. , Michel P. . Venous thromboembolic treatment in patients with cancer [in French]. Rev Med Interne. 2004; 4: 906–914.

Silverstein M.D. , Heit J.A. , Mohr D.N. . Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 4: 585–593.

Blom J.W. , Doggen C.J. , Osanto S. . Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA. 2005; 4: 715–722.

Sallah S. , Wan J.Y. , Nguyen N.P. . Venous thrombosis in patients with solid tumors: determination of frequency and characteristics. Thromb Haemost. 2002; 4: 575–579.

Ambrus J.L. , Ambrus C.M. , Mink I.B. . Causes of death in cancer patients. J Med. 1975; 4: 61–64.

Shen V.S. , Pollak E.W. . Fatal pulmonary embolism in cancer patients: is heparin prophylaxis justified? South Med J. 1980; 4: 841–843.

Desai A.A. , Vogelzang N.J. , Rini B.I. . A high rate of venous throm-boembolism in a multi-institutional phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2002; 95: 1629–1636.

Zangari M. , Saghafifar F. , Anaissie E. . Activated protein C resistance in the absence of factor V Leiden mutation is a common finding in multiple myeloma and is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic complications. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2002; 4: 187–192.

Zangari M. , Anaissie E. , Barlogie B. . Increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving thalidomide and chemotherapy. Blood. 2001; 4: 1614–1615.

Agnelli G. . Prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients. Circulation. 2004; 4(24 suppl 1): IV4–IV12.

Heit J.A. , Silverstein M.D. , Mohr D.N. . Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 4: 809–815.

Levitan N. , Dowlati A. , Remick S.C. . Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy: risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine. 1999; 4: 285–291.

Mortimer J.E. , Urban J.H. . Long-term toxicities of selective estrogen-receptor modulators and antiaromatase agents. Oncology(Huntingt). 2003; 4: 652–659.

Weitz I.C. , Israel V.K. , Liebman H.A. . Tamoxifen-associated venous thrombosis and activated protein C resistance due to factor V Leiden. Cancer. 1997; 4: 2024–2027.

Oberhoff C. , Szymeczek J. , Hoffmann O. . Adjuvant antiestrogen treatment with tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a longitudinal study of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998; 4: 73–81.

Deitcher S.R. , Gomes M.P. . The risk of venous thromboembolic disease associated with adjuvant hormone therapy for breast carcinoma: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004; 4: 439–449.

Pelerin D. , Silvestre R.M. , Jerusalem G. . How I manage patients developing thromboembolic complications as a result of breast cancer treatment with tamoxifen [in French]. Rev Med Liege. 2002; 4: 755–756.

Goodnough L.T. , Saito H. , Manni A. . Increased incidence of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer patients treated with a five-drug chemotherapy regimen: a study of 159 patients. Cancer. 1984; 54: 1264–1268.

Levine M.N. , Gent M. , Hirsh J. . The thrombogenic effect of anticancer drug therapy in women with stage II breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1988; 4: 404–407.

Saphner T. , Tormey D.C. , Gray R. . Venous and arterial thrombosis in patients who received adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1991; 4: 286–294.

Oztop I. , Demirkan B. , Yaren A. . Rapid tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic colon cancer as a complication of treatment with 5-fluor-ouracil/leucoverin and irinotecan. Tumori. 2004; 4: 514–516.

Mizushima T. , Sando K. , Ito T. . A case of advanced colon cancer responding completely to systemic 5-fluorouracil/l-leucovorin therapy [in Japanese]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004; 4: 2047–2049.

Arkenau H.T. , Rettig K. , Porschen R. . Adjuvant chemotherapy in curative resected colon carcinoma: 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin versus high-dose 5-fluorouracil 24-h infusion/leucovorin versus high-dose 5-fluorouracil 24-h infusion. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005; 4: 258–261.

Adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin prolongs disease-free survival, but causes more adverse events in people with stage II or III colon cancer. Abstracted from Andre T. , Boni C. , Mounedji-Boudiaf L. . Multicenter international study of oxaliplatin/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer (MOSAIC) investigators. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 2343–2351. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004; 30: 711-713.

Minnema M.C. , Breitkreutz I. , Auwerda J.J.A. . Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low-molecular weight heparin in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy. Leukemia. 2004; 4: 2044–2046.

Zangari M. , Barlogie B. , Anaissie E. . Deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: effect of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. Br J Haematol. 2004; 4: 715–721.

Steurer M. , Sudmeier I. , Stauder R. . Thromboembolic events in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome receiving thalidomide in combination with darbepoetin-alpha. Br J Haematol. 2003; 4: 101–103.

Kropff M.H. , Lang N. , Bisping G. . Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in combination with pulsed Dexamethasone and thalidomide (Hyper- CDT) in primary refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2003; 4: 607–616.

Horne M.K. , Figg W.D. , Arlen P. . Increased frequency of venous thromboembolism with combination of docetaxel and thalidomide in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 4: 315–318.

Hurwitz H. , Fehrenbacher L. , Novotny W. . Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 2335–2342.

Wun T. , Law L. , Harvey D. . Increased incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis in patients with cervical carcinoma treated with concurrent chemotherapy, radiation, and erythropoietin. Cancer. 2003: 98; 1514–1520.

Kakkar A.K. , Levine M. , Pinedo H.M. . Venous thrombosis in cancer patients: insights from the FRONTLINE survey. Oncologist. 2003; 4: 381–388.

ENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elective cancer surgery: a double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg. 1997; 84: 1099–1103.

Bergqvist D. , Burmark U.S. , Flordal P.A. . Low molecular weight heparin started before surgery as prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis: 2500 versus 5000 XaI units in 2070 patients. Br J Surg. 1995; 4: 496–501.

Clagett G.P. , Reisch J.S. . Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients: results of meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 1988; 4: 227–240.

Gallus A.S. . Anticoagulants in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1990; 4: 651–684.

Zhai Z.G. , Wang C. , Liu Y.M. . Comparison of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin in pulmonary thromboembolism: meta-analysis [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2004; 4: 221–226.

Rasmussen M.S. . Does prolonged thromboprophylaxis improve outcome in patients undergoing surgery? Cancer Treat Rev. 2003; 4(suppl 2): 15–17.

Bergqvist D. . Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: expanding horizons. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002; 4(suppl 3): 19–23.

Bergqvist D. , Agnelli G. , Cohen A.T. . Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002; 4: 975–980.

Leizorovicz A. , Cohen A.T. , Turpie A.G.G. . Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Circulation. 2004; 4: 874–879.

Bauersachs R.M. . Fondaparinux: an update on new study results. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005; 4(suppl 1): 27–32.

Alikhan R. , Cohen A.T. , Combe S. . Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with enoxaparin: a subgroup analysis of the MEDENOX study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003; 4: 341–346.

Iorio A. , Guercini F. , Pini M. . Low-molecular-weight heparin for the longterm treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: meta-analysis of the randomized comparisons with oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost. 2003; 4: 1906–1913.

Mismetti P. , Laporte S. , Darmon J.Y. . Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg. 2001; 4: 913–930.

Levine M. , Hirsh J. , Gent M. . Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet. 1994; 4: 886–889.

Lee A.Y. , Levine M.N. , Baker R.I. . Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 4: 146–153.

Guyatt G. , Schunemann H.J. , Cook D. . Applying the grades of recommendation for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004; 4(3 suppl): 179S–187S.

Rasmussen M.S. . Preventing thromboembolic complications in cancer patients after surgery: a role for prolonged thromboprophylaxis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2002; 4: 141–144.

Bern M.M. , Lokich J.J. , Wallach S.R. . Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 4: 423–428.

Klerk C.P. , Smorenburg S.M. , Buller H.R. . Thrombosis prophylaxis in patient populations with a central venous catheter: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 4: 1913–1921.

Boraks P. , Seale J. , Price J. . Prevention of central venous catheter associated thrombosis using minidose warfarin in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 1998; 4: 483–486.

Rosovsky R.P. , Kuter D.J. . Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005; 4: 183–202.

Magagnoli M. , Castagna L. , Masci G. . Low-dose warfarin prophylaxis for catheter-associated thrombosis in cancer patients: can it be safely associated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? Oncologist. 2004; 4: 594–595.

Knovich M.A. , Lesser G.J. . The management of thromboembolic disease in patients with central nervous system malignancies. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2004; 4: 511–517.

Goldhaber S.Z. , Dunn K. , Gerhard-Herman M. . Low rate of venous thromboembolism after craniotomy for brain tumor using multimodality prophylaxis. Chest. 2002; 4: 1933–1937.

McLeod R.S. , Geerts W.H. , Sniderman K.W. . Canadian Colorectal Surgery DVT Prophylaxis Trial investigators. Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Results of the Canadian Colorectal DVT Prophylaxis Trial: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg. 2001; 4: 438–444.