The F-K index has long been used as a validity indicator with the MMPI to help identify subjects who may be over- or underreporting psychological problems. The revision of the MMPI necessitates the collection of new norms and development of cutoff scores for the F-K index due to changes in the test itself as well as changes in the way subjects respond to items since the time of the development of the original test. Continuation of the use of old cutoff scores and clinical lore may lead to erroneous conclusions and decisions in the clinical and forensic arenas in which the index is used. MMPI-2 norms for the F-K index are provided for the standardization sample, and additional data are presented for samples of psychiatric patients, head injured patients, individuals seeking disability benefits, job applicants for police and priest positions, and substance abusers. Implications for use of the tables for interpretation of F-K scores are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anthony, N.
(1971). Comparison of clients' standard, exaggerated, and matching MMPI profiles. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 100-103.
2.
Archer, R.
(1992). MMPI-A: Assessing adolescent psychopathology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3.
Baer, R.
, Wetter, M., & Berry, D. (1992). Detection of underreporting of psychopathology on the MMPI: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology review, 12, 509-525.
4.
Berry, D.
, Baer, R., & Harris, M. (1991). Detection of malingering on the MMPI: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 585-598.
5.
Butcher, J.
, Dahlstrom, W., Graham, J., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
6.
Caldwell, A.
(1988). MMPI supplemental scale manual. Los Angeles: Caldwell Report.
7.
Dahlstrom, W.
(1993). MMPI-2 manual supplement. The items in the MMPI-2: Alterations in wording patterns of interrelationship, and changes in endorsements. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
8.
Docktor, B.
, O'Sullivan, P., Greene, R., Arredondo, R., & Mann, A. (1993, March). Effects of setting, gender, and code-type on the MMPI-2 Addiction Potential Scale and Addiction Acknowledgement Scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, San Francisco.
9.
Friedman, A.
, Webb, J., & Lewak, R. (1989). Psychological assessment with the MMPI. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10.
Galluci, N.
(1984). Prediction of dissimulation on the MMPI in a clinical field setting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 917-918.
11.
Glaros, A.
, & Kline, R. (1988). Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 1013-1023.
12.
Goodwin, D.
(1989). A dictionary of neuropsychology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
13.
Gough, H.
(1947). Simulated patterns on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 215-225.
14.
Gough, H.
(1950). The F minus K dissimulation index for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 14, 408-413.
15.
Gough, H.
(1954). Some common misconceptions about neuroticism. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 18, 287-292.
16.
Gough, H.
(1957). California Psychological Inventory manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
17.
Graham, J.
(1990). The MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
18.
Graham, J.
, Watts, D., & Timbrook, R. (1991). Detecting fake-good and fake-bad MMPI-2 profiles. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 264-277.
19.
Greene, R.
(1988). Assessment of malingering and deception by objective personality inventories. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (pp. 123-158). New York: Guilford Press.
20.
Hathaway, S.
, & Briggs, P. (1957). Some normative data on new MMPI scales. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 364-368.
21.
Hathaway, S.
, & McKinley, J. (1967). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
22.
Heaton, R.
, Grant, I., & Matthews, C. (1991) Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
23.
Hunt, H.
(1948). The effect of deliberate deception on MMPI performance. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12, 396-402.
24.
Iverson, G.
, Franzen, M., & Hammond, J. (1993, August). Examination of inmates' ability to malinger on the MMPI-2. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
25.
Lewak, R.
, Marks, P., & Nelson, G. (1990). Therapist guide to the MMPI and MMPI-2: Providing feedback and treatment. Muncie, IN: Accelerated Development.
26.
Osborne, D.
, Colligan, R., & Offord, K. (1986). Normative tables for the F-K index of the MMPI based on a contemporary normal sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 593-595.
27.
Wechsler, D.
(1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
28.
Wetter, M.
, Baer, R., Berry, D., Robinson, L., & Sumpter, J. (1993). MMPI-2 profiles of motivated fakers given specific symptom information: A comparison to matched controls. Psychological Assessment, 5, 317-323.
29.
Wiener, D.
(1948). Subtle and obvious keys for the MMPI. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12164-170.
30.
Wiggins, J.
(1959). Interrelationships among MMPI measures of dissimulation under standard and social desirability instructions. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 23, 419-427.
