Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2021-3
Psychometric Properties of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) and of the Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS): A Bifactor-Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach
This research sought to assess the psychometric properties of the French versions of the Body Checking Questionnaire and the Body Checking Cognitions Scale among community samples. A total sample of 922 adolescents and adults was involved in a series of two studies. The results from the first study supported factor validity and reliability of responses obtained on these two measures, and showed that both measures were best represented by a bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the data. The results from the second study replicated these conclusions, while also supporting the measurement invariance of the bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling solution and the equivalence of the correlations among the two measures (i.e., convergent validity) across samples. This second study also supported the criterion-related validity of ratings on both measures with measures of global self-esteem, physical appearance, social physique anxiety, fear of negative appearance evaluation, and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors. Finally, the results of this last study also supported the measurement invariance and lack of differential item functioning of both measures in relation to sex, age, diagnosis of eating disorders, and body mass index.
AsparouhovT.MuthénB.MorinA. J. S. (2015). Bayesian structural equation modeling with cross-loadings and residual covariances. Journal of Management, 41, 1561-1577.
4.
BrownA.FinneyS.FranceM. (2011). Using the bifactor model to assess the dimensionality of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71, 170-185.
5.
BrowneM. W. (2001). An overview of analytic rotation in exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 111-150.
6.
CalugiS.Dalle GraveR.GhisiM.SanavioE. (2006). Validation of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) in an eating disorders population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 233-242.
7.
CampanaA. N. N. B.SwamiV.OnoderaC. M. K.da SilvaD.FernandesM. D. C. G. C. (2013). An initial psychometric evaluation and exploratory cross-sectional study of the Body Checking Questionnaire among Brazilian women. PLoS ONE, 8, e74649.
8.
ChenF .F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834
9.
CheungG. W.RensvoldR. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
10.
FairburnC. G.CooperZ.ShafranR. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 509-528.
11.
GarnerD. M.OlmstedM. P.BohrY.GarfinkelP. E. (1982). The Eating Attitude Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878.
12.
GignacG. E. (2016). The higher-order model imposes a proportionality constraint: That is why the bifactor model tends to fit better. Intelligence, 55, 57-68.
13.
GuayF.MorinA. J. S.LitalienD.ValoisP.VallerandR. J. (2015). An application of exploratory structural equation modeling to evaluate the Academic Motivation Scale. Journal of Experimental Education, 83, 51-82. doi:10.1080/00220973.2013.876231
14.
HaaseA. M.MountfordV.WallerG. (2007). Understanding the link between body checking cognitions and behaviors: The role of social physique anxiety. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 241-246.
15.
HaaseA. M.MountfordV.WallerG. (2011). Associations between body checking and disordered eating behaviors in nonclinical women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44, 465-468.
16.
HartE. H.LearyM. R.RejeskiW. J. (1989). The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 94-104.
17.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
18.
KachaniA. T.BarrosoL. P.BrasilianoS.HochgrafP. B.CordásT. A.ContiM. A. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS) Portuguese version. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116, 175-186.
19.
LeichnerP.SteigerH.Puentes-NeumanG.PerreaultM.GottheilN. (1994). Validation d’une échelle d’attitudes alimentaires auprès d’une population québécoise francophone (Validation of a an eating attitudes scale among a Quebec French-speaking population). Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 39, 49-54.
20.
LundgrenJ. D.AndersonD. A.ThompsonJ. K. (2004). Fear of negative appearance evaluation: Development and evaluation of a new construct for risk factor work in the field of eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 5, 75-84. doi:10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00055-2
21.
MaïanoC.MorinA. J. S.EklundR. C.Monthuy-BlancJ.GarbarinoJ.-M.StephanY. (2010). Construct validity of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale in a French adolescent sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 1-10.
22.
MaïanoC.MorinA. J. S.Monthuy-BlancJ.GarbarinoJ. M. (2010). Construct validity of the Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale in a community sample of French adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 19-27. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000004
23.
MaïanoC.MorinA. J. S.NinotG.Monthuy-BlancJ.StephanY.FlorentJ.-F.ValléeP. (2008). A short and very short form of the Physical Self-Inventory for adolescents: Development and factor validity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 830-847.
24.
MarshH. W.HauK.-T.GraysonD. (2005). Goodness of fit evaluation in structural equation modeling. In Maydeu-OlivaresA.McArdleJ. (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics (pp. 275-340). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25.
MarshH. W.NagengastB.MorinA. J. S. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1194-1218. doi:10.1037/a0026913
26.
McDonaldR. P. (1970). Theoretical foundations of principal factor analysis, canonical factor analysis, and alpha factor analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 23, 1-21. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1970.tb00432.x
27.
MillsapR. E. (2011). Statistical approaches to measurement invariance. New York, NY: Routledge.
28.
MorinA. J. S.ArensA. K.MarshH. W. (2015). A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework for the identification of distinct sources of construct-relevant psychometric multidimensionality. Structural Equation Modeling, 23, 116-139.
29.
MorinA.J.S.ArensA.K.TranA.CaciH. (2016). Exploring sources of construct-relevant multidimensionality in psychiatric measurement: A tutorial and illustration using the Composite Scale of Morningness. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 25, 277-288.
30.
MorinA. J. S.MaïanoC. (2011). Cross-validation of the short form of the Physical Self-Inventory (PSI-S) using exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 540-554.
31.
MorinA. J. S.MarshH. W.NagengastB. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling. In HancockG. R.MuellerR. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 395-438). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
32.
MorinA. J. S.MoullecG.MaïanoC.LayetL.JustJ.-L.NinotG. (2011). Propriétés psychométriques du Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) sur un échantillon français d’adultes cliniques et non-cliniques [Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in French clinical and nonclinical adults]. Revue d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 59, 327-340. doi:10.1016/j.respe.2011.03.061
33.
MorinA.J.S.MyersN.D.LeeS. (2019). Modern factor analytic techniques: Bifactor models, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor-ESEM. In TenenbaumG.EklundR.C. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology, 4th Edition. London, UK: Wiley.
34.
MountfordV.HaaseA. M.WallerG. (2006). Body checking in the eating disorders: Associations between cognitions and behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 708-715.
35.
MountfordV.HaaseA. M.WallerG. (2007). Is body checking in the eating disorders more closely related to diagnosis or to symptom presentation?Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2704-2711.
PellizzerM. L.TiggemannM.WallerG.WadeT. D. (2018). Measures of body image: Confirmatory factor analysis and association with disordered eating. Psychological Assessment, 30, 143-153. doi:10.1037/pas0000461
38.
PerreiraT. A.MorinA. J. S.HebertM.GilletN.HouleS. A.BertaW. (2018). The short form of the Workplace Affective Commitment Multidimensional Questionnaire (WACMQ-S): A bifactor-ESEM approach among healthcare professionals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 62-83.
39.
ReasD. L.Von SoestT.LaskB. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Body Checking Questionnaire. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 46, 260-262.
40.
ReasD. L.WhisenhuntB. L.NetemeyerR.WilliamsonD. A. (2002). Development of the Body Checking Questionnaire: A self-report measure of body checking behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 324-333.
41.
ReasD. L.WhiteM. A.GriloC. M. (2006). Body Checking Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and clinical correlates in obese men and women with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39, 326-331.
42.
ReiseS. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667-696.
43.
SteinfeldB.BauerA.WaldorfM.EngelN.BraksK.HuberT. J.VocksS. (2017). Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Fassung des Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) an Jugendlichen mit Anorexia und Bulimia Nervosa [Validation of a German version of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) for adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa]. PPmP-Psychotherapie·Psychosomatik·Medizinische Psychologie, 67, 38-46.
44.
TomásI.MarshH. W.González-RomáV.VallsV.NagengastB. (2014). Testing measurement invariance across Spanish and English versions of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: An application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 179-188. doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0070
45.
VocksS.MoswaldC.LegenbauerT. (2008). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer deutschsprachigen Fassung des Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) [Psychometric review of a German-language version of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ)]. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 37, 131-140.
46.
WallerG.SinesJ.MeyerC.MountfordV. (2008). Body checking in the eating disorders: Association with narcissistic characteristics. Eating Behaviors, 9, 163-169.
47.
WilliamsonD. A.WhiteM. A.York-CroweE.StewartT. M. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral theories of eating disorders. Behavior Modification, 28, 711-738.
48.
YuC. Y. (2002). Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. Los Angeles: University of California.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
