In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier was added to the conduct disorder diagnostic criteria to designate a subgroup of children who exhibit callous unemotional (CU) traits. The Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) is the only dedicated measure of CU traits and was influential in the development of the Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier. Despite its role in the research and diagnosis of CU traits, some questions have persisted regarding the internal consistency and validity of the ICU and its three subscales: callous, uncaring, and unemotional. Results of a meta-analysis revealed acceptable internal consistency and external validity for total ICU, callous, and uncaring scores, but not unemotional scores. These results support the utility of the total ICU, callous, and uncaring scales, but indicate weaknesses in the scale or construct of unemotionality as it relates to interpersonal callousness, uncaring, and antisociality.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2.
*AnselL. L.BarryC. T.GillenC. T. A.HerringtonL. L. (2015). An analysis of four self-report measures of adolescent Callous-Unemotional Traits: Exploring unique prediction of delinquency, aggression, and conduct problems. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 207-216.
3.
*BeneschC.Görtz-DortenA.BreuerD.DöpfnerM. (2014). Assessment of Callous-Unemotional Traits in 6 to 12 year-old children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder by parent ratings. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 519-529.
4.
*BergJ. M.LilienfeldS. O.ReddyS. D.LatzmanR. D.RooseA.CraigheadL. W.. . . RaisonC. L. (2013). The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits: A construct-validational analysis in an at-risk sample. Assessment, 20, 532-544.
5.
BlairR. J. (2012). Considering anger from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3, 65-74.
6.
BlairR. J. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 786-799.
7.
BlairR. J.BudhaniS.ColledgeE.ScottS. (2005). Deafness to fear in boys with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 327-336.
8.
BlaisJ.SolodukhinE.ForthA. E. (2014). A meta-analysis exploring the relationship between psychopathy and instrumental versus reactive violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 797-821.
9.
*ByrdA. L.KahnR. E.PardiniD. A. (2013). A validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a community sample of young adult males. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(1), 20-34. doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9315-4
10.
CardinaleE. M.BreedenA. L.RobertsonE. L.LozierL. M.VanmeterJ. W.MarshA. A. (2018). Externalizing behavior severity in youths with callous–unemotional traits corresponds to patterns of amygdala activity and connectivity during judgments of causing fear. Development and Psychopathology, 30(1), 191-201. doi:10.1017/S0954579417001079
11.
*CharlesN. E.AchesonA.MathiasC. W.Michael FurrR.DoughertyD. M. (2012). Psychopathic traits and their association with adjustment problems in girls. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30, 631-642.
12.
*CimaM.RaineA.MeestersC.PopmaA. (2013). Validation of the Dutch Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ): Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression from childhood to adulthood. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 99-113.
13.
*CiucciE.BaroncelliA. (2014). The emotional core of bullying: Further evidences of the role of callous–unemotional traits and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 69-74.
14.
*CiucciE.BaroncelliA.FranchiM.GolmaryamiF. N.FrickP. J. (2014). The association between Callous-Unemotional Traits and behavioral and academic adjustment in children: Further validation of the inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 189-200.
15.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16.
ColinsO. F.AndershedH. (2015). The DSM-5 with Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier for conduct disorder among detained girls. Law and Human Behavior, 39, 198-207.
17.
ColinsO. F.AndershedH.HawesS. W.BijttebierP.PardiniD. (2015). Psychometric properties of the original and short form of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in detained female adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 679-690.
18.
ColinsO. F.VermeirenR.VreugdenhilC.van den BrinkW.DoreleijersT.BroekaertE. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in detained male adolescents: A systematic literature review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 255-263.
19.
CookeD. J.MichieC. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188.
20.
CummingG.FinchS. (2005). Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data. American Psychologist, 60, 170-180.
21.
DawelA.O’KearneyR.McKoneE.PalermoR. (2012). Not just fear and sadness: Meta-analytic evidence of pervasive emotion recognition deficits for facial and vocal expressions in psychopathy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 2288-2304.
22.
*de la OsaN.GraneroR.DomenechJ. M.Shamay-TsooryS.EzpeletaL. (2016). Cognitive and affective components of Theory of Mind in preschoolers with oppositional defiance disorder: Clinical evidence. Psychiatry Research, 241, 128-134.
23.
de WiedM.van BoxtelA.MatthysW.MeeusW. (2012). Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 211-223.
24.
*DecuyperM.De BolleM.De FruytF.De ClercqB. (2011). General and maladaptive personality dimensions and the assessment of callous-unemotional traits in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 681-701.
25.
*DecuyperM.De CaluwéE.De ClercqB.De FruytF. (2014). Callous-Unemotional traits in youth from a DSM-5 trait perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 334-357.
26.
*DecuyperM.De ClercqB.De BolleM.De FruytF. (2009). Validation of FFM PD counts for screening personality pathology and psychopathy in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 587-605.
27.
*DelisiM.VaughnM.BeaverK. M.WexlerJ.BarthA. E.FletcherJ. M. (2011). Fledgling psychopathy in the classroom: ADHD subtypes psychopathy, and reading comprehension in a community sample of adolescents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9, 43-58.
28.
*DrislaneL. E.BrislinS. J.KendlerK. S.AndershedH.LarssonH.PatrickC. J. (2015). A triarchic model analysis of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 15-41.
29.
*DrislaneL. E.PatrickC. J.ArsalG. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the triarchic psychopathy measure. Psychological Assessment, 26, 350-362.
30.
EdensJ. F.BoccacciniM. T. (2017). Taking forensic mental health assessment “out of the lab” and into “the real world”: Introduction to the special issue on the field utility of forensic assessment instruments and procedures. Psychological Assessment, 29, 599-610.
31.
EdensJ. F.BoccacciniM. T.JohnsonD. W. (2010). Inter-rater reliability of the PCL-R total and factor scores among psychopathic sex offenders: Are personality features more prone to disagreement than behavioral features. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28, 106-119.
32.
EggerM.SmithG. D.SchneiderM.MinderC. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315, 629-634.
33.
*EssauC. A.SasagawaS.FrickP. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13, 454-469.
34.
*EzpeletaL.de la OsaN.GraneroR.PeneloE.DomènechJ. M. (2013). Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a community sample of preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 91-105.
35.
*EzpeletaL.GraneroR.de la OsaN.DomènechJ. M. (2015). Clinical characteristics of preschool children with oppositional defiant disorder and callous-unemotional traits. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0139346.
36.
*FantiK. A.FrickP. J.GeorgiouS. (2009). Linking callous-unemotional traits to instrumental and non-instrumental forms of aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 285-298.
37.
FantiK. A.PanayiotouG.LazarouC.MichaelR.GeorgiouG. (2016). The better of two evils? Evidence that children exhibiting continuous conduct problems high or low on callous-unemotional traits score on opposite directions on physiological and behavioral measures of fear. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 185-198.
38.
*FeilhauerJ.CimaM.ArntzA. (2012). Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits across different groups of youths: Further cross-cultural validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35, 251-262.
39.
*FinkB. C.TantA. S.TrembaK.KiehlK. A. (2012). Assessment of psychopathic traits in an incarcerated adolescent sample: A methodological comparison. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 971-986.
40.
*FixR. L.FixS. T. (2015). Trait psychopathy, emotional intelligence, and criminal thinking: Predicting illegal behavior among college students. International Journal of Law Psychiatry, 42, 183-188.
41.
ForthA. E.KossonD. S.HareR. D. (2014). Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV™). Boston, MA: Hogrefe.
FrickP. J.HareR. D. (2001). Antisocial Process Screening Device: APSD. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
44.
FrickP. J.MoffittT. E. (2010). A proposal to the DSM-V childhood disorders and the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
45.
FrickP. J.RayJ. V. (2015). Evaluating callous-unemotional traits as a personality construct. Journal of Personality, 83, 710-722.
46.
FrickP. J.RayJ. V.ThorntonL. C.KahnR. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1-57.
47.
FrickP. J.StickleT. R.DandreauxD. M.FarrellJ. M.KimonisE. R. (2005). Callous–unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 471-487.
48.
FrickP. J.WhiteS. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.
49.
*GaoY.ZhangW. (2015). Confirmatory factor analyses of self-and parent-report Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in 8- to 10-year-olds. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 3, 331-340.
50.
*GluckmanN. S.HawesD. J.RussellA. M. (2016). Are callous-unemotional traits associated with conflict adaptation in childhood?Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 583-592.
51.
*GuelkerM. D.BarryC. T.BarryT. D.MalkinM. L. (2014). Perceived positive outcomes as a mediator between adolescent callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 129-134.
52.
HallJ. R.BenningS. D.PatrickC. J. (2004). Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: Personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning. Assessment, 11, 4-16.
53.
HareR. D. (1998). Psychopathy, affect and behavior. In CookeD.ForthA.HareR. D. (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 105-137). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
54.
HareR. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
55.
HareR. D. (2003). The Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
56.
HawesD. J.DaddsM. R. (2005). The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 737-741.
57.
HawesS. W.BoccacciniM. T.MurrieD. C. (2013). Psychopathy and the combination of psychopathy and sexual deviance as predictors of sexual recidivism: Meta-analytic findings using the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Psychological Assessment, 25, 233-243.
58.
*HawesS. W.ByrdA. L.HendersonC. E.GazdaR. L.BurkeJ. D.LoeberR.PardiniD. A. (2014). Refining the parent-reported inventory of callous-unemotional traits in boys with conduct problems. Psychological Assessment, 26, 256-266.
59.
HedgesL.OlkinI. (1985). Statistical models for meta-analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press.
60.
*HenryJ.PingaultJ. B.BoivinM.RijsdijkF.VidingE. (2016). Genetic and environmental aetiology of the dimensions of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Psychological Medicine, 46, 405-414.
61.
*HerringtonL. L.BarryC. T.LoflinD. C. (2014). Callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and behavioral history as predictors of discipline problems in an adolescent residential program. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 31, 253-265.
62.
HicksB. M.PatrickC. J. (2006). Psychopathy and negative emotionality: Analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with emotional distress, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 276-287.
63.
*HoeroldD.TranahT. (2014). Correlates of adolescent fire setting: Examining the role of fire interest, fire-related attentional bias, impulsivity, empathy and callous–unemotional traits. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 25, 411-431.
64.
*HoranJ. M.BrownJ. L.JonesS. M.AberJ. L. (2015). Assessing invariance across sex and race/ethnicity in measures of youth psychopathic characteristics. Psychological Assessment, 27, 657-668.
65.
HoughtonS.HunterS. C.CrowJ. (2013). Assessing Callous Unemotional Traits in children aged 7- to 12-years: A confirmatory factor analysis of the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 215-222.
66.
JohanssonP.AndershedH.KerrM.LevanderS. (2002). On the operationalization of psychopathy: Further support for a three-faceted personality oriented model. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 81-85.
67.
*JohnsonM. M.DismukesA. R.VitaccoM. J.BreimanC.FleuryD.ShirtcliffE. A. (2014). Psychopathy’s influence on the coupling between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and – gonadal axes among incarcerated adolescents. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 448-458.
68.
JolliffeD.FarringtonD. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611.
69.
JonesA. P.HappéF. G.GilbertF.BurnettS.VidingE. (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1188-1197.
70.
*JusyteA.MayerS. V.KünzelE.HautzingerM.SchönenbergM. (2015). Unemotional traits predict early processing deficit for fearful expressions in young violent offenders: An investigation using continuous flash suppression. Psychological Medicine, 45, 285-297.
71.
*KahnR. E.ByrdA. L.PardiniD. A. (2013). Callous-unemotional traits robustly predict future criminal offending in young men. Law and Human Behavior, 37, 87-97.
72.
*KautenR.BarryC. T.LeachmanL. (2013). Do perceived social stress and resilience influence the effects of psychopathy-linked narcissism and CU traits on adolescent aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 381-390.
73.
*KavishN.VaughnM. G.ChoE.BarthA.BoutwellB.VaughnS.. . . MartinezL. (2016). Physiological arousal and juvenile psychopathy: Is low resting heart rate associated with affective dimensions?Psychiatric Quarterly, 88, 103-114.
74.
*KerigP. K.BennettD. C.ThompsonM.BeckerS. P. (2012). “Nothing really matters”: Emotional numbing as a link between trauma exposure and callousness in delinquent youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 272-279.
75.
*KerigP. K.StellwagenK. K. (2010). Roles of callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism in childhood aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 343-352.
76.
*KimonisE. R.BranchJ.HagmanB.GrahamN.MillerC. (2013). The psychometric properties of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in an undergraduate sample. Psychological Assessment, 25, 84-93.
77.
*KimonisE. R.CrossB.HowardA.DonoghueK. (2013). Maternal care, maltreatment and callous-unemotional traits among urban male juvenile offenders. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42, 165-177.
78.
*KimonisE. R.FantiK. A.IsomaZ.DonoghueK. (2013). Maltreatment profiles among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Child Maltreatment, 18, 108-121.
79.
KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.BorisN. W.SmykeA. T.CornellA. H.FarrellJ. M.ZeanahC. H. (2006). Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 741-752.
80.
KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.CauffmanE.GoldweberA.SkeemJ. (2012). Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1091-1103.
81.
KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.FazekasH.LoneyB. R. (2006). Psychopathy, aggression, and the processing of emotional stimuli in non-referred girls and boys. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24, 21-37.
82.
KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.MuñozL. C.AucoinK. J. (2007). Can a laboratory measure of emotional processing enhance the statistical prediction of aggression and delinquency in detained adolescents with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 773-785.
83.
KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.MuñozL. C.AucoinK. J. (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and the emotional processing of distress cues in detained boys: Testing the moderating role of aggression, exposure to community violence, and histories of abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 569-589.
84.
*KimonisE. R.FrickP. J.SkeemJ. L.MarseeM. A.CruiseK.MuñozL. C.. . . MorrisA. S. (2008). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31, 241-252.
85.
*KimonisE. R.KennealyP. J.GoulterN. (2016). Does the self-report Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits predict recidivism. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1616-1624.
86.
*KongerslevM. T.BoS.ForthA. E.SimonsenE. (2015). Assessment of the affective dimensions of psychopathy with the Danish version of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among incarcerated boys: A study of reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 3, 80-96.
87.
*KumstaR.Sonuga-BarkeE.RutterM. (2012). Adolescent callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 197-201.
88.
*KunimatsuM.MarseeM.LauK.FassnachtG. (2012). Callous-unemotional traits and happy victimization: Relationships with delinquency in a sample of detained girls. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(1), 1-8.
89.
*LatzmanR. D.LilienfeldS. O.LatzmanN. E.ClarkL. A. (2013). Exploring callous and unemotional traits in youth via general personality traits: An eye toward DSM-5. Personality Disorders, 4, 191-202.
90.
*LatzmanR. D.MalikinaM. V.HechtL. K.LilienfeldS. O.ChanW. Y. (2016). The contribution of personality and refugee camp experience to Callous and Unemotional Traits among immigrant adolescents in the United States: Implications for the DSM-5 “Limited Prosocial Emotions” specifier. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 215-225.
91.
LeisticoA. M. R.SalekinR. T.DeCosterJ.RogersR. (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 28-45.
92.
LevensonM. R.KiehlK. A.FitzpatrickC. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151-158.
93.
LoneyB. R.FrickP. J.ClementsC. B.EllisM. L.KerlinK. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity, and emotional processing in adolescents with antisocial behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 32, 66-80.
94.
LongmanT.HawesD. J.KohlhoffJ. (2016). Callous-unemotional traits as markers for conduct problem severity in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47, 326-334.
95.
*LoonaM. I.KamalA. (2013). Role of Callous-Unemotional Traits in prediction of childhood behavior problems. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 175-180.
96.
*López-RomeroL.Gómez-FraguelaJ. A.RomeroE. (2015). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in a Spanish sample of institutionalized youths: The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 392-406.
97.
*López-RomeroL.RomeroE.AndershedH. (2015). Conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: Developmental trajectories, predictors and outcomes in a six-year follow up. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 762-773.
98.
*López-RomeroL.RomeroE.Gómez-FraguelaJ. A. (2015). Delving into Callous–Unemotional Traits in a Spanish sample of adolescents: Concurrent correlates and early parenting precursors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1451-1468.
99.
LozierL. M.CardinaleE. M.VanMeterJ. W.MarshA. A. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 627-636.
100.
MarshA. A.BlairR. J. (2008). Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 454-465.
101.
MarshA. A.FingerE. C.MitchellD. G. V.ReidM. E.SimsC.KossonD. S.. . . BlairR. J. R. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 712-720.
102.
MarshA. A.FingerE. C.SchechterJ. C.JurkowitzI. T.ReidM. E.BlairR. J. (2011). Adolescents with psychopathic traits report reductions in physiological responses to fear. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 834-841.
103.
MoherD.LiberatiA.TetzlaffJ.AltmanD. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8, 336-341.
104.
*MuñozL. C. (2009). Callous-Unemotional Traits are related to combined deficits in recognizing afraid faces and body poses. Journal of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 554-562.
105.
MuñozL. C.FrickP. J. (2007). The reliability, stability, and predictive utility of the self-report version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 299-312.
106.
MuñozL. C.FrickP. J. (2012). Callous-unemotional traits and their implication for understanding and treating aggressive and violent youths. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 794-813.
107.
*MuñozL. C.QualterP.PadgettG. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 183-196.
108.
*NwaforC. E. (2013). Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in the Nigerian sample. Practicum Psychologia, 3, 84-93.
109.
*NwaforC. E.OnyeizugboE. U.AnazonwuC. O. (2015). Does gender moderate the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and physical aggression. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, E82. doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.86
110.
*Paiva-SalisburyM. L.GillA. D.StickleT. R. (2016). Isolating trait and method variance in the measurement of Callous and Unemotional Traits. Assessment, 24, 763-771. doi:10.1177/1073191115624546
111.
*PalizyanA.SajadiS. F. M.HonarmandM.ArshadiN. (2016). The preliminary study of the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties, callous-unemotional traits and the emergence of oppositional defiant disorder in outpatient adolescents. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 4(1). e34204. doi:10.17795/rijm34204
112.
PardiniD. A.LochmanJ. E.FrickP. J. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits and social-cognitive processes in adjudicated youths. Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 364-371.
113.
PardiniD. A.LochmanJ. E.PowellN. (2007). The development of callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior in children: Are there shared and/or unique predictors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36, 319-333.
114.
*PechorroP.AndershedH.RayJ. V.MarocoJ.GonçalvesR. A. (2015). Validation of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Version among incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 576-586.
115.
*PechorroP.HidalgoV.NunesC.JiménezL. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Antisocial Process Screening Device. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 1856-1872.
116.
*PechorroP.RayJ. V.BarrosoR.MarocoJ.GonçalvesR. A. (2016). Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among a Portuguese sample of detained juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 349-365.
117.
*PechorroP.RayJ. V.RaineA.MarocoJ.GonçalvesR. A. (2015). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Validation among a Portuguese sample of incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 1995-2017.
118.
*PechorroP.RayJ. V.Salas-WrightC. P.MarocoJ.GonçalvesR. A. (2015). Adaptation of the Basic Empathy Scale among a Portuguese sample of incarcerated juvenile offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21, 699-714.
119.
PetersonR. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 381-391.
120.
PiacentiniJ. C.CohenP.CohenJ. (1992). Combining discrepant diagnostic information from multiple sources: Are complex algorithms better than simple ones. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 51-63.
121.
*PihetS.EtterS.SchmidM.KimonisE. R. (2015). Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in adolescents: Validity of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits across gender, age, and community/institutionalized status. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 407-421.
122.
RayJ. V.FrickP. J.ThorntonL. C.SteinbergL.CauffmanE. (2016). Positive and negative item wording and its influence on the assessment of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Psychological Assessment, 28, 394-404.
123.
RayJ. V.HallJ.Rivera-HudsonN.PoythressN. G.LilienfeldS. O.MoranoM. (2013). The relation between self-reported psychopathic traits and distorted response styles: A meta-analytic review. Personality Disorders, 4(1), 1-14.
124.
*RayJ. V.PechorroP.GoncalvesR. A. (2016). A comparison of self-report measures of callous-unemotional traits among incarcerated youth: Associations with aggression, conduct disorder, and offending behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43, 1293-1309.
125.
RileyR. D.HigginsJ. P. T.DeeksJ. J. (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 342, d549. doi:10.1136/bmj.d549
126.
*RooseA.BijttebierP.DecoeneS.ClaesL.FrickP. J. (2010). Assessing the affective features of psychopathy in adolescence: A further validation of the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits. Assessment, 17, 44-57.
127.
*RooseA.BijttebierP.Van der OordS.ClaesL.LilienfeldS. O. (2013). Psychopathic traits in youth and associations with temperamental features: Results from a performance-based measure. Journal of Individual Differences, 34(1), 1-7.
128.
*SchenkA. M.RagatzL. L.FremouwW. J. (2012). Vicious dogs part 2: Criminal thinking, callousness, and personality styles of their owners. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57, 152-159.
129.
*SharfA.KimonisE. R.HowardA. (2014). Negative life events and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Journal Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 401-414.
130.
*SharpC.VanwoerdenS. (2014). Social cognition: Empirical contribution: The developmental building blocks of psychopathic traits: Revisiting the role of theory of mind. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 78-95.
131.
SmithS. F.LilienfeldS. O. (2015). The response modulation hypothesis of psychopathy: A meta-analytic and narrative analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 1145-1177.
132.
*StoeberJ. (2015). How other-oriented perfectionism differs from self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Further findings. Journal Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37, 611-623.
133.
TeplinL. A.AbramK. M.McClellandG. M.DulcanM. K.MericleA. A. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1133-1143.
134.
ThomsonN. D.CentifantiL. C. M. (2018). Proactive and reactive aggression subgroups in typically developing children: The role of executive functioning, psychophysiology, and psychopathy. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(2), 197-208. doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0741-0
135.
UrbenS.StéphanP.HabersaatS.FrancescottiE.FegertJ. M.SchmeckK.. . . SchmidM. (2016). Examination of the importance of age of onset, callous-unemotional traits and anger dysregulation in youths with antisocial behaviors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 87-97.
136.
van RheeH.SuurmondR.HakT. (2015). User manual for meta-essentials: Workbooks for meta-analyses (Version 1.0). Rotterdam, Netherlands: Erasmus Research Institute of Management.
137.
*VaughnM. G.DeLisiM.BeaverK. M.WexlerJ.BarthA.FletcherJ. (2011). Juvenile psychopathic personality traits are associated with poor reading achievement. Psychiatric Quarterly, 82, 177-190.
138.
WallerR.HydeL. W. (2017). Callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood: The development of empathy and prosociality gone awry. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 11-16. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.037
139.
*WallerR.WrightA. G.ShawD. S.GardnerF.DishionT. J.WilsonM. N.HydeL. W. (2015). Factor structure and construct validity of the parent-reported inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits among high-risk 9-year-olds. Assessment, 22, 561-580.
140.
WaltersG. D. (2003). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the psychopathy checklist factor scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541-558.
141.
*WhiteA. C.MillerC. J. (2014). Delinquency in emerging adult females: The importance of callous-unemotionality and impulsivity. Deviant Behavior, 36, 245-258.
142.
*WhiteB. A.GordonH.GuerraR. C. (2015). Callous–unemotional traits and empathy in proactive and reactive relational aggression in young women. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 185-189.
143.
WhiteS. F.Briggs-GowanM. J.VossJ. L.PetitclercA.McCarthyK.BlairR. J. R.WakschlagL. S. (2016). Can the fear recognition deficits associated with callous-unemotional traits be identified in early childhood. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38, 672-684.
144.
WilkinsonS.WallerR.VidingE. (2016). Practitioner review: Involving young people with callous unemotional traits in treatment—does it work? A systematic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 552-565.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
