Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Affect and Arousal Scales (AFARS) were inspected in a combined clinical and population sample (N = 1,215). The validity of the tripartite structure and the relations between Negative Affect, Positive Affect, and Physiological Hyperarousal (PH) were investigated for boys and girls, younger (8-11 years) and older (12-14 years) children, and for children with high versus low levels of emotional/behavioral problems separately. Results demonstrated an adequate fit of the tripartite structure in each of the subgroups. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated parameter equivalence across sex, age, and psychopathology status. Furthermore, the assumption of invariant error variances of the indicator variables was tenable across sex, age, and psychopathology status. Invariant variances and covariances of the latent constructs (i.e., the tripartite factors) were supported across sex and psychopathology status but not across age. Finally, adequate item and scale properties and good convergent and moderate divergent validity of the Dutch AFARS subscales were demonstrated, except for the divergent validity of the PH subscale.
Achenbach, T.M., & Dumenci, L. ( 2001). Advances in empirically based assessment: Revised cross-informant syndromes and new DSM-oriented scales for the CBCL, YSR, and TRF: Comment on Lengua, Sadowksi, Friedrich, and Fisher (2001). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 699-702.
2.
Achenbach, T.M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L.A. (2003). DSM-oriented and empirically based approaches to constructing scales from the same item pools. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 328-340.
3.
Achenbach, T.M., McConaughy, S.H., & Howell, C.T. ( 1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213-232.
4.
Aluja, A., & Blanch, A. ( 2002). The children depression inventory as predictor of social and scholastic competence. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, 259-274.
5.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author .
6.
Anderson, E.R., & Hope, D.A. ( 2008). A review of the tripartite model for understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 275-287.
7.
Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. ( 1993). Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
8.
Bernstein, G.A., & Borchardt, C.M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 519-532.
9.
Bollen, K.A. ( 1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley.
10.
Brady, E.U., & Kendall, P.C. ( 1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244-255.
11.
Burns, D.D., & Eidelson, R.J. (1998). Why are depression and anxiety correlated? A test of the tripartite model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 461-473.
12.
Byrne, B.M. ( 1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13.
Carver, C.S., & White, T.L. ( 1994). Behavioral-inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
14.
Chorpita, B.F. ( 2002). The tripartite model and dimensions of anxiety and depression: An examination of structure in a large school sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 177-190.
15.
Chorpita, B.F., Albano, A.M., & Barlow, D.H. ( 1998). The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 107, 74-85.
16.
Chorpita, B.F., & Daleiden, E.L. (2002). Tripartite dimensions of emotion in a child clinical sample: Measurement strategies and implications for clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70, 1150-1160.
17.
Chorpita, B.F., Daleiden, E.L., Moffitt, C., Yim, L., & Umemoto, L.A. ( 2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents I: Structural validity and normative data of an affect and arousal scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 22, 141-160.
18.
Chorpita, B.F., Plummer, C.M., & Moffitt, C.E. ( 2000). Relations of tripartite dimensions of emotion to childhood anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 28, 299-310.
19.
Chorpita, B.F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L.A., & Francis, S.E. ( 2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835-855.
20.
Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. ( 1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100, 316-336.
21.
Costello, E.J., Egger, H.L., & Angold, A. ( 2005a). 10-year research update review: The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 972-986.
22.
Costello, E.J., Egger, H.L., & Angold, A. ( 2005b). The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 631-648.
23.
Costello, E.J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. ( 2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry , 60, 837-844.
24.
Craske, M.G. ( 1997). Fear and anxiety in children and adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, A4-A36.
25.
Daleiden, E., Chorpita, B.F., & Lu, W.L. ( 2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents II: Concurrent validity of the affect and arousal scales for children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 22, 161-182.
26.
Dana, R.H. ( 1993). Multicultural assessment perspectives for professional psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
27.
Jacques, H.A.K., & Mash, E.J. ( 2004). A test of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression in elementary and high school boys and girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 13-25.
28.
Jensen, P.S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H.R., Dulcan, M.K., Schwab-Stone, M.E., et al. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569-1579.
29.
Joiner, T.E., Catanzaro, S.J., & Laurent, J. ( 1996). Tripartite structure of positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 401-409.
30.
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software.
31.
Kashani, J.H., & Carlson, G.A. ( 1987). Seriously depressed preschoolers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 348-350.
32.
Kashani, J.H., Rosenberg, T.K., & Reid, J.C. ( 1989). Developmental perspectives in child and adolescent depressive symptoms in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry , 146, 871-875.
33.
Kovacs, M. ( 1992). Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. North York, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc .
34.
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., & Joiner, T.E. ( 1998, April/May). A child measure of the tripartite model: Initial development and validation of the Physiological Hyperarousal-Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children. In S. J. Catanzaro (Chair), The tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Current research and future prospects. Symposium conducted at the 70th annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
35.
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., & Joiner, T.E. ( 2000, March/April). Physiological Hyperarousal Scale for Children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Poster presented at the 32nd annual convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans, LA.
36.
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., & Joiner, T.E. ( 2004). Development and preliminary validation of the Physiological Hyperarousal Scale for Children. Psychological Assessment , 16, 373-380.
37.
Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S.J., Joiner, T.E., Rudolph, K.D., Potter, K.I., Lambert, S., et al. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326-338.
38.
Laurent, J., & Ettelson, R. ( 2001). An examination of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression and its application to youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 209-230.
39.
Laurent, J., Potter, K., & Catanzaro, S.J. (1994). Assessing positive and negative affect in children: The development of the PANAS-C. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, Seattle, WA.
40.
Loeber, R., Green, S.M., & Lahey, B.B. ( 1990). Mental health professionals’ perception of the utility of children, mothers, and teachers as informants on childhood pathology . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 136-143.
41.
Lonigan, C.J., Hooe, E.S., David, C.F., & Kistner, J.A. ( 1999). Positive and negative affectivity in children: Confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67, 374-386.
42.
Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress scales (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychological Foundation of Australia .
43.
MacLachlan, M. ( 1997). Culture and health. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
44.
Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R., & McDonald, R.P. (1996). Goodness-of-Fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
45.
Oosterlaan, J., Prins, P.J.M., Hartman, C.A., & Sergeant, J.A. (1995). Vragenlijst voor Angst bij Kinderen (VAK): Zelfrapportagevragenlijst voor angst bij kinderen van 6-12 jaar [A self report questionnaire to measure fear in children aged 6-12 years]. Een Nederlandse bewerking van de Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSCR) [A Dutch adaptation of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children] . Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
46.
Poli, P., Sbrana, B., Marcheschi, M., & Masi, G. ( 2003). Self-reported depressive symptoms in a school sample of Italian children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 33, 209-226.
47.
Reynolds, C.R., & Richmond, B.O. (1985). Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) manual. Unpublished manuscript, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles.
48.
Spielberger, C.D. ( 1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Unpublished manuscript, Consulting Psychologists Press , Palo Alto, CA.
49.
Tackett, J.L. ( 2006). Evaluating models of the personality-psychopathology relationship in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 584-599.
Turner, C.M., & Barrett, P.M. ( 2003). Does age play a role in the structure of anxiety and depression in children and youths? An investigation of the tripartite model in three age cohorts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71, 826-833.
52.
Ullman, J.B. ( 2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (4th ed., pp. 653-671). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Allyn & Bacon.
53.
Verhulst, F.C., Van der Ende, J., & Koot, H.M. ( 1996). Handleiding voor de CBCL/4-18 [Manual for the CBCL/4-18] . Unpublished manuscript, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Afdeling Kinder- en Jeugdpsychiatrie.
54.
Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. ( 1994). PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Unpublished manuscript, Iowa City, IA.
55.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Weber, K., & Assenheimer, J.S. (1995). Testing a tripartite model II: Exploring the symptom structure
56.
of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 15-25.
57.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J.S., Strauss, M.E., & McCormick, R.A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model I: Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 3-14.
58.
Watson, D., Gamez, W., & Simms, L.J. ( 2005). Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 46-66.
59.
Werts, C.E., Linn, R.L., & Jöreskog, K.G. (1974). Intraclass reliability estimates: Testing structural assumptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 25-33.
