This review focuses on the diagnostic efficiency of the new versions of the Rorschach Comprehensive System Depression Index (DEPI) and the Schizophrenia Index (SCZI). Clinical diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was chosen as the external validation criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification rates for the indices were presented from the studies or computed from the data when possible. The positive and negative predictive validity was estimated at three different base rates. As regards the DEPI the results showed a large variation in diagnostic performance as the index seemed to have relatively more success in identifying nonpsychotic and unipolar depression than psychotic and bipolar depression. The DEPI did not successfully identify depression among adolescent patients. As regards the SCZI the results more consistently indicated that the index effectively discriminates between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients and the predictive validity of both a positive and negative SCZI was found to be high.
American Psychiatric Association
. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
2.
American Psychiatric Association
. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.) Washington, DC: Author.
3.
American Psychiatric Association
. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
4.
Archer, R. P.
, & Gordon, R. A. (1988). MMPI and Rorschach indices of schizophrenic and depressive diagnoses among adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(2), 276-287.
5.
Archer, R. P.
, & Krishnamurthy, R. (1997). MMPI-A and Rorschach indices related to depression and conduct disorder: An evaluation of the incremental validity hypothesis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69(3), 517-533.
6.
Ball, J. D.
, Archer, R. P., Gordon, R. A., & French, J. (1991). Rorschach depression indices with children and adolescents: Concurrent validity findings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(3), 465-476.
7.
Bannatyne, L.
, Gacono, C. B., & Greene, R. L. (1998). Differential pattern of responding among three groups of chronic, psychotic forensic outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(12), 1553-1565.
8.
Beck, A. T.
, Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatyy, 4, 561-571.
9.
Butcher, J. N.
, Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Kaemmer, B. (1992). MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Adolescent): Manual for administration scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
10.
Caine, S. L.
, Kinder, B. N., & Frueh, B. C. (1995). Rorschach susceptibility to malingered depressive disorders in adult females. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (pp. 165-174). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11.
Carlson, C. F.
, Kula, M. L., & St. Laurent, C. M. (1997). Rorschach revised DEPI and CDI with inpatient major depressives and borderline personality disorder with major depression: Validity issues. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 51-58.
12.
Exner, J. E.
(1978). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. Volume 2: Current research and advanced interpretation (1 st ed.). New York: Wiley.
13.
Exner, J. E.
(1986). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. Volume 1: Basicfoundations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
14.
Exner, J. E.
(1990). A Rorschach Workbook for the Comprehensive System (3rd ed.). Asheville, NC: Rorschach Workshops.
15.
Exner, J. E.
(1991). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. Volume 2: Interpretation (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
16.
Exner J. E.
(1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Volume 1: Basic foundations (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
17.
Exner, J. E.
(1995). A Rorschach Workbook for the Comprehensive System (4th ed.). Asheville, NC: Rorschach Workshops.
18.
Exner, J. E.
(1996). A comment on "The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach: A critical examination."Psychological Science, 7(1), 11-13.
19.
Exner J. E.
, & Weiner, I. B. (1982). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Volume 3: Assessment of Children and adolescents. (1st ed.). New York: Wiley.
20.
First, M. B.
, Spitzer, R L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). Structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV Axis I disorders-patient edition. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department.
21.
Flaum, M.
, Amador, X., Gorman, J., Bracha, H. S., Edell, W., McGlashan, T., Pandurangi, A., Kendler, K. S., Robinson, D., Lieberman, J., Ontiverros, A., Tohen, M., McGorry, P., Tyrell, G., Arndt, S., & Andreasen, N. C. (1998). DSM-IV field trial for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, W. Davis, & M. Kline (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook (pp. 687-716). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
22.
Foldspang, A.
, Juul, S., Olsen, J., & Sabroe, S. (1986). Epidemiologi (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard.
23.
Franklin, K. W.
, & Cornell, D. G. (1997). Rorschach interpretation with high-ability adolescent females: Psychopathology or creative thinking?Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 184-196.
24.
Ganellen, R. J.
(1996). Comparing the diagnostic efficiency of the MMPI, MCMI-II, and Rorschach: A review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(2), 219-243.
25.
Gorham, D. R.
(1956). A proverbs test for clinical and experimental use. Psychological Reports, 2, 1-12.
26.
Greenwald, D. F.
(1997). Comparisons between the Rorschach Depression Index and depression-related measures in a nonpatient sample. Psychological Reports, 80(3), 1151-1154.
27.
Hathaway, S. R.
, & McKinley, J. C. (1989). MAIPI-2 manualfor administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
28.
Hilsenroth, M. J.
, Fowler, J. C., & Padawer, J. R. (1998). The Rorschach Schizophrenia Index (SCZI): An examination of reliability, validity and diagnostic efficiency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70(3), 514-534.
29.
Ilonen, T.
, Taiminen, T., Karlsson, H., Lauerma, H., Leinonen, K.-M., Wallenius, E., Tuimala, P., & Salokangas, R. (1999). Diagnostic efficiency of the Rorschach schizophrenia and depression indices in identifying first-episode schizophrenia and severe depression. Psychiatry Research, 87, 183-192.
30.
Jansak, D. M. (1997). The Rorschach Comprehensive System Depression Index. Depression heterogeneity, and the role of self-schema (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 6576B.
31.
Jorgensen, K.
, & Olsen, H. (1999). Rorschachtesting af danske kontrolpersoner i tvaerkulturelt perspektiv et pilotprojekt (Rorschach data on Danish nonpatients in cross-cultural comparison: A pilot study). Nordisk Psykologi, 51(3), 203-218.
32.
Kessel, J.
, & Zimmerman, M. (1993). Reporting errors in studies of diagnostic performance of self-administered questionnaires: Extent of the problem, recommendations for standardized presentation of results and implications for the peer review process. Psychological Assessment, 53, 395-399.
33.
Lipovsky, J. A.
, Finch, A. J., & Belter, R. W. (1989). Assessment of depression in adolescents: Objective and projective measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53(3), 449-458.
34.
Mattlar, C. E.
(1986). Finnish Rorschach responses in cross-cultural context: A normative study. Jyvaskyla Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research, 58.
35.
Mattlar, C. E.
, Forsander, C., Norrlund, L., Oist, A.-S., Maki, J., & Alanen, E. (1993). Rasgos del contenido y del resumen estructural Rorschach caracteristicos de los finlandeses: Una comparacion transcultural. Revista Sociedad Espanola Rorschach Met Y Proy, 21-27.
36.
Meyer, G. J.
(1993). The impact of response frequency on the Rorschach constellation indices and on their validity with diagnostic and MMPI-2 criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(1), 153-180.
37.
Netter, B. E.
, & Viglione, D. J., Jr. (1994). An empirical study of malingering schizophrenia on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(1), 45-57.
38.
Sackett, D. L.
(1992). A primer on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 2638-2644.
39.
Sells, J. E. (1991). A validity study of the DEPI index: The Rorschach Comprehensive System (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 5590B.
40.
Shaffer, T. W.
, Erdberg, P., & Haroian, J. (1999). Current nonpatient data for the Rorschach, WAIS-R and MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(2), 305-316.
41.
Singer, H. K.
, & Brabender, V. (1993). The use of the Rorschach to differentiate unipolar and bipolar disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(2), 333-345.
42.
Spitzer, R. L.
, & Endicott, J. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837-844.
43.
Spitzer, R. L.
, Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1985). Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a selected group offunctional disorders (3rd ed.). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
44.
Viglione, D. J.
(1999). A review of recent research addressing the utility of the Rorschach. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 251-265.
45.
Viglione, D. J.
, Brager, R. C., & Haller, N. (1988). Usefulness of structural Rorschach data in identifying inpatients with depressive symptoms: A preliminary study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(3), 524-529.
46.
Vincent, K. R.
, & Harman, M. J. (1991). The Exner Rorschach: An analysis of its clinical validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 596-599.
47.
Wechsler, D.
(1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
48.
Wiener, M.
(1989). Psychopathology reconsidered: Depressions interpreted as psychosocial transactions. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 295-321.Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M. T., & Stejskal, W. J. (1996). The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach: A critical examination. Psychological Science, 7 (1), 3-10.
49.
Wood, J. M.
, Nezworski, M. T., & Stejskal, W. J. (1996). The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach: A critical examination. Psychological Science, 7(1), 3-10.
50.
Wood, J. M.
, Nezworski, M. T., Stejskal, W. J., Garven, S., & West, S. G. (1999). Methodological issues in evaluating Rorschach validity: A comment on Burns and Viglione (1996), Weiner (1996) and Ganellen (1996). Assessment, 6(2), 115-129.
