Introduction Climate Change and the Legal,Ethical,and Health Issues Facing Healthcare and Public Health Systems

J. Cook , N. Oreskes , P.T. Doran , W.R. Anderegg , B. Verheggen , and E.W. Maibach , et al., “Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming” Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 4 (2016): 048002.

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( T. F. Stocker , D. Qin , G.K. Plattner , M. Tignor , S.K. Allen , J. Boschung , A. Nauels , Y. Xia , V. Bex , and P.M. Midgley [eds.]) (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2013): 3–29. [hereinafter IPCC 2013].

IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty ( V. Masson-Delmotte , P. Zhai , H.-O. Pörtner , D. Roberts , J. Skea , P.R. Shukla , A. Pirani , W. Moufouma-Okia , C. Péan , R. Pidcock , S. Connors , J.B.R. Matthews , Y. Chen , X. Zhou , M.I. Gomis , E. Lonnoy , T. Maycock , M. Tignor , and T. Waterfield (eds.)] (World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018).

United National Framework Convention on Climate Change, The Paris Agreement, available at <https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement> (Last visited September 23, 2020) [hereinafter SR 1.5].

D.G. Victor , K. Akimoto , Y. Kaya , M. Yamaguchi , D. Cullen-ward , and C. Hepburn , “Prove Paris was more than Paper Promises” Nature News 548, no. 7665 (2017): 25-27.

H. Zhang , H. Dai , H. Lai , and W. Wang , “US Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China’s Response,” Advances in Climate Change Research 8, no. 4 (2017): 220-225.

P.J. Crutzen , “Geology of Mankind: The Anthropocene,” Nature 415, no. 3 (2012): 23.

S.C. Burris , S. de Guia , L. Gable , D. Levin , W.E. Parmet , and N.P Terry , “Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19,” (Boston: Public Health Law Watch, 2020).

E. Levitz , “A Historian of Economic Crisis on the World after COVID-19,” New York Magazine: Intelligencer, August 7, 2020, available at <https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/08/adam-tooze-how-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-change-world-history.html> (last visited November 4, 2020.)

NASA, “What’s the Difference Between Weather and Climate?” available at <https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather.html> (Last visited September 23, 2020).

See IPCC 2013, supra note 2.

Id.

K.L. Ebi , P. Berry , K. Hayes , C. Boyer , S. Sellers , P.M. Enright , and J.J. Hess , “Stress Testing the Capacity of Health Systems to Manage Climate Change-Related Shocks and Stresses,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2370.

IPCC 2013, supra note 2.

B.S. Levy and J.A. Patz , “Climate Change, Human Rights, and Social Justice,” Annals of Global Health 81, no. 3 (2015): 310-322.

World Health Organization (WHO), Operational Framework for Building Climate Resilient Health Systems (2015), available at <https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/building-climate-resilient-health-systems/en/> (last visited September 23, 2020).

Y. Guo , A. Gasparrini , S. Li , F. Sera , and A.M. Vicedo-Cabrera , et al., “Quantifying Excess Deaths Related to Heatwaves Under Climate Change Scenarios: A Multicountry Time Series Modelling Study,” PLoS Medicine 15, no. 7 (2018): e1002629.

R. Thompson , R. Hornigold , L. Page , and T. Waite , “Associations Between High Ambient Temperatures and Heat Waves with Mental Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review,” Public Health 161 (2018): 171-191.

P.J. Beggs and H.J Bambrick , “Is the Global Rise of Asthma An Early Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change?” Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 8 (2005): 915-919.

See Levy, supra note 15.

COVID-19 Map, Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, available at <https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html> (last visited September 11, 2020).

P.M. Forster , H.I Forster , M.J Evans , M.J. Gidden , C.D. Jones , and C.A. Keller , et al., “Current and Future Global Climate Impacts Resulting from COVID-19,” Nature Climate Change 6 (2020): 913-919.

H.F. Lorentzen , T. Benfield , S. Stisen , and C. Rahbek , “COVID-19 is Possibly a Consequence of the Anthropogenic Biodiversity Crisis and Climate Changes,” Danish Medical Journal 67, no. 5 (2020): A205025

J. Schwartz , “Wilting Heat, Intensified by Climate Change,” New York Times, July 16, 2020: at Section A, Page 13

T. Waldrop , “Covid-19 Adds Extra Headache to Hurricane Laura Evacuations,” CNN, available at <https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/us/laura-evacuations-covid-19/index.html> (last visited September 11, 2020).

V. Ho , “California Braces for Record Heat Even as Wildfire Smoke Keeps Windows Closed,” The Guardian, available at <https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/02/california-heatwave-wildfire-smoke-air-quality-covid-19> (Last visited September 11, 2020).

U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), “Wild-fire Smoke and COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions and Resources for Air Resource Advisors and Other Environmental Health Professionals,” available at <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/smoke-faq.html> (Last visited September 11, 2020).

E.A. Holmes , R.C. O’Connor , V.H. Perry , I. Tracey , S. Wessely , and L. Arseneault , et al., “Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science,” The Lancet Psychiatry 7, no. 6 (2020): 547-560.

R.D. Manzanedo and P. Manning , “COVID-19: Lessons for the Climate Change Emergency,” Science of the Total Environment 10, no. 742 (2020): 1-4, at 2.

J.M. Sharfstein and G.C. Benjamin , “The Exceptional American Relationship to Public Health: Why the United States Has Failed So Spectacularly to Control COVID-19,” Foreign Affairs, available at <https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-26/exceptional-american-relationship-public-health> (Last visited September 11, 2020).

D. Jamieson and J. Jacquet , “The US Response to COVID-19 and Climate Change Endangers the Country and the World,” One Earth 2, no. 6 (2020): 503-505, at 504.

See WHO, supra note 16.

M. Burger and J. Gundlach , eds. Climate Change, Public Health, and the Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018).

Id. at 5.

Id. at 14.

J.A. Smith , “Public Health, Governance, and the Anthropocene,” Houston Journal of Health Law & Policy 18 (2018): 169.

G.R. Browne and I.D. Rutherfurd , “The Case for ‘Environment in All Policies’: Lessons from the ‘Health in All Policies’ Approach in Public Health,” Environmental Health Perspectives 125, no. 2 (2016): 149–54.

C. Richie , Principles of Green Bioethics: Sustainability in Health Care (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2019).

L.O. Gostin , E.A. Friedman , and S.A. Wetter , “Responding to COVID 19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically,” Hastings Center Report 50, no. 2 (2020): 8-12.

See Burris, supra at note 8.