The devastating impact of the national opioid epidemic has given rise to hundreds of lawsuits. This article details the extremely broad range of legal claims, compares the opioid cases to other public health litigation efforts, including tobacco, and describes the special mechanism — a multidistrict litigation — through which more than 700 opioid-related cases have been consolidated thus far, with settlement almost certain to follow.
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An interesting parallel: Heroin was synthesized in the late 19th century by Felix Hoffmann, a Bayer Corporation scientist. Between 1898 and 1910, Bayer marketed heroin (“heroic”) as a non-addictive alternative to morphine, a claim that proved to be false. See D.Moore, “Heroin: A Brief History of Unintended Consequences,”Times Union, available at <https://www.timesunion.com/518life/article/Heroin-A-brief-history-of-unintended-consequences-5705610.php> (last visited May 2, 2018).
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Foister, 295 F. Supp. 2d 693, 705 (E.D. Ky. 2003).
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Price, 920 So. 2d 479, 486 (Miss. 2006) (“This Court will not lend aid to a party whose cause of action directly results from an immoral or an illegal act committed by that party).
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See Foister, supra note 19; Price, supra note 20.
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Wethington, 218 F.R.D. 577, 587 (S.D. Ohio 2003); See also Harris v. Purdue Pharma, L.P., 218 F.R.D. 590, 596 (S.D. Ohio 2003).
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).
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Wethington, supra note 22.
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Opinion and Order, at 1, 6, United States of America v. Purdue Frederick Company, No. 1:07CR00029 (W.D. Va. 2007).)
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Id.; A.Sarpatwari, “The Opioid Epidemic: Fixing A Broken Pharmaceutical Market,”Harvard Law & Policy Review11 (2017): 463-484.
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Id., at 13; see also United States v. McIver, 470 F.3d 550, 556-61 (4th Cir. 2006).
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Complaint, Trempealeau County v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-01666-LA (E.D. Wis. 2017); Complaint, The County of Suffolk v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. _(N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2016); Complaint, County of Broome v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. EFCA2017-000252 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2016).
41.
Complaint, The Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corp. et al., No. CV-2017-203 (Dist. Ct. Cherokee Nation 2017).
Trial by Jury Requested, The State of Alabama v. Purdue Pharma L.P. (M.D. Ala. Feb. 2018).
44.
Complaint, State of Alaska v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. 3AN-17-CI (Ala. Sup. Ct. 2017).
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Complaint, State of Arizona ex rel. Mark Brnovich v. Insys Therapeutics, Inc., No. ____ (Ariz. Sup. Ct. 2017).
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Trial by Jury of 12 Demanded, State of Delaware ex rel. Matthew P. Denn v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No ___CCLD (Del.. Super. Ct. 2018).
47.
Complaint, Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Endo Health Solutions, No. ___ (Franklin Cir. Ct. 2017)
48.
Petition for Damages and Injunctive Relief, Louisiana Dept. of Health v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. U61638 (19th Dist. Ct. 2017).
49.
Complaint, The State of Mississippi ex rel. Jim Hood v. Barr Laboratories Inc., No. 25CH1:17-cv-000304 (Ch. Ct. 1st Jud. Dist. 2017).
50.
Petition and Jury Trial Demanded, The State of Missouri ex rel. Joshua D. Hawley v. Purdue Pharma, No. 1722 CC10626 (Cir. Ct. of Mo. 2017).
51.
Complaint, State of Montana v. Purdue Pharma, No. ADU-2017-949 (Mon. 1st Dist. Ct. 2017).
52.
Complaint, State of New Hampshire v. Purdue Pharma L.P. et al, No. 1:17-cv-00427 (N.H. 2017).
53.
Complaint, Christopher S. Porrino, Attorney General of New Jersey v. Insys Therapeutics, Inc., No. MID-C-162-17(N.J. Sup. Ct. 2017).
54.
The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. D-101-CV-2017-0254(1st Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017).
55.
Complaint, The People of the State of New York v. Insys Therapeutics, Inc., No.___ (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2018).
56.
Complaint, State of North Carolina v. Insys Therapeutics, Inc., No. 17CV015532 (N.C. Sup. Ct. 2017).
57.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017).
58.
Original Petition, State of Oklahoma ex rel. Mike Hunter v. Purdue Pharma, No. CJ-2017-816 (Dist. Ct. Cleveland Cty. 2017).
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Complaint, State of South Carolina v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. ___ (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017).
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Complaint for Injunctive and Other Relief Under the Consumer Protection Act, State of Washington v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No._ (Wash. Sup. Ct. 2018).
61.
Complaint, State of West Virginia et al. v. McKesson Corporation, No. 2:17-cv-03555 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
62.
Complaint, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. of Ala. 2017), Complaint, City of Portsmouth v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-00723 (S.D. Ohio 2017); Complaint, City of Everett v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-00209 (W.D. Wash. 2017)
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R.T.Tipps, G.T.Buzzard, and J.A.McDougall, “The Opioid Epidemic in Indian Country,”The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics46, no. 2 (2018): 422-436.
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Id.
69.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); Plaintiff ’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. D-101-CV-2017-02541 (1st Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017); Fourth Amended Complaint, The People of the State of California v. Purdue Pharma, No. 30-2014-00725287-CU-BT-CXC (Ca. Super. Ct. Jul. 2017). Fourth Amended Complaint, The People of the State of California v. Purdue Pharma, No. 30-2014-00725287-CU-BT-CXC; Complaint, City of Everett v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-00209 (W.D. Wash. 2017).
70.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); Plaintiff ’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017); Fourth Amended Complaint, The People of the State of California v. Purdue Pharma, No. 30-2014-00725287-CU-BTCXC (Ca. Super. Ct. Jul. 2017). Fourth Amended Complaint, The People of the State of California v. Purdue Pharma, No. 30-2014-00725287-CU-BT-CXC; Complaint, City of Everett v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-00209 (W.D. Wash. 2017).
71.
See Ohio Complaint, supra note 70 at 23 and 33-34.
72.
Original Petition, State of Oklahoma ex rel. Mike Hunter v. Purdue Pharma, No. CJ-2017-816 (Dist. Ct. Cleveland Cty. 2017); Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein at 19, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); see also Plain-tiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541 (1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017).
73.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein at 19, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); see also Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017).
74.
See Ausness, supra note 11 at 1148; 1117-1165.
75.
Complaint, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. of Ala. 2017).
76.
Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017).
77.
Complaint, State of West Virginia et al. v. McKesson Corporation, No. 2:17-cv-03555 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
78.
Complaint, The Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corp. et al., no. CV-2017-203 (Dist. Ct. Cherokee Nation 2017).
79.
Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, Honaker v. West Virginia Board of Pharmacy et al, No. 1:17-cv-03364 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, Sparks v. West Virginia Board of Pharmacy, No. 2:17-cv-03372 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, The Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corp. et al., No. CV-2017-203 (District Court of the Cherokee Nation 2017); Complaint, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. Ala. 2017); Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017).
84.
Opinion and Order at 10, McKesson Corporation v. Todd Hembree, Case. No. 17-CV-323-TCK-FHM (N.D. Okla. 2017).
Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
Complaint, The Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corp. et al., No. CV-2017-203 (District Court of the Cherokee Nation 2017); Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Complaint, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
89.
See Fein, supra note 80.
90.
Complaint, The Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corp. et al., No. CV-2017-203 (Dist. Ct. of the Cherokee Nation 2017).
Complaint, City of Charleston v. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
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J. R.Schottenfeld, S.Waldman, A. R.Gluck, and D.G.Tobin, “Pain and Addiction in Specialty and Primary Care: The Bookends of a Crisis,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics46, no. 2 (2018): 220-237.
Memorandum to Defendant Purdue’s Motion to Dismiss at 9, City of Everett v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-00209 (W.D. Wash. 2017).
99.
Id., at 3
100.
Id., at 16
101.
Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendant Purdue’s Demurrer at 17, People of the State of California v. Purdue Pharma L.P., No. 30-2014-00725287-CU-BT-CXC (Sup. Ct. Ca. 2015).
102.
Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendant’s Joint Motion to Dismiss Complaint for Failure to State a Claim and to Strike at 3, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017).
103.
Id.
104.
Id., at 4.
105.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint at 1, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plain-tiffs Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. Amerisource-Bergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
106.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint at 1, 15, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017), citing Yourtree v. Hubbard, 474 S.E.2d 613, 620 (W.Va. 1996).
107.
Id., at 7
108.
See, e.g., Durr v. Strickland, 602 F.3d 788, 789 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 2147 (2010); Schneller v. Crozer Chester Med’l Ctr., 387 Fed. Appx. 289, 293 (3rd Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1684 (2011)(“Congress…authorized No private right of action for the enforcement of the [CSA]).
109.
Opinion and Order at 10, McKesson Corporation v. Todd Hembree, Case. No. 17-CV-323-TCK-FHM (N.D. Okla. 2017).
110.
Id.
111.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al. at 11, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
112.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint at 1, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant McKesson Corporation’s Motion to Dismiss Plain-tiffs Complaint, Cabell County Commission v. Amerisource-Bergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
113.
Memorandum in Support of Miami-Luken, Inc’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint at 3, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant Walgreen’s Motion to Dismiss at 13, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant Kroger’s Motion to Dismiss at 13, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017).
114.
Id.
115.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant Walgreen’s Motion to Dismiss at 16, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant Kroger’s Motion to Dismiss at 16, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017), citing City of Philadelphia v. Beretta, 277 F 3d 415 (3d Cir. 2002).
116.
Memorandum in Support of Defendant Walgreen’s Motion to Dismiss at 16, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al, No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Memorandum in Support of Defendant Kroger’s Motion to Dismiss at 16, Kanawha County Commission v. Rite Aid of Maryland, Inc. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01666 (S.D. W.Va. 2017), citing Employer Teamsters v. Bristol Myers Squibb Co., 969 F. Supp. 2d 463, 471 (S.D.W. Va. 2013).
117.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017).
118.
S.A.Patel, “The Tobacco Litigation Merry-Go-Round: Did The MSA Make It Stop?”DePaul Journal of Health Care Law8, no. 3 (2005): 615-664, at 624.
119.
See Jones and Silvestri, supra note 66.
120.
Statement of Matthew L. Myers, President, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, “New CDC Guide Confirms Well-Funded Tobacco Prevention Programs Reduce Smoking, Save Lives and Money,”January30, 2014, available at <https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press-releases/2013_01_30_cdc” (last visited May 2, 2018).
Price, 920 So. 2d. 479, 485 (Miss. 2006) (“His violation of the law is not merely a condition, but instead an integral and essential part of his case and the contributing cause of his alleged injury”).
125.
For a discussion of contributory negligence see L.Beletskyat al., “Fatal Re-Entry: Legal and Programmatic Opportunities to Curb Opioid Overdose Among Newly Released from Incarceration,”Northeastern School of Law Faculty Publications17 (2015).
In Re: National Prescription Opioid Litigation, No. 2804 (J.P.M.L. 2017).
128.
28 U.S.C. §1407 (West 2018).
129.
For a detail on aspects of MDLS discussed in this Part, see A.R.Gluck, “Unorthodox Civil Procedure: Modern Multidistrict Litigation’s Place in Textbook Understandings of Procedure,”University of Pennsylvania Law Review165 (2017): 1669-1710.
130.
In Re: National Prescription Opiate Litigation, Docket No. 2804 (J.P.M.L. Sept 25, 2017), Court Docket.
131.
The current number of pending actions is 355. See United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, ‘MDL Statistics Report - Distribution of Pending MDL Dockets by District,’February15, 2018, available at <http://www.jpml.uscourts.gov/sites/jpml/files/Pending_MDL_Dockets_By_District-February-15-2018.pdf> (last visited May 2, 2018). See also In Re: National Prescription Opiate Litigation, Docket No. 2804 (J.P.M.L. Sept 25, 2017), Court Docket.
132.
D.Elfin, “Cherokee Nation Opioid Suit to Move on State,”Jan. 22, 2018, BNA.com, available at <https://www.bna.com/cherokee-nation-opioid-b73014474391/> (last visited May 2, 2018); Jury Trial Demanded at 16, Cherokee Nation v. McKesson Corporation, et al., No. CJ-2018-11 (Dist. Ct. of Sequoyah Cty. 2018).
G.D.Curfman, L.Beletsky, and A.Sarpatwari, “Benefits, Limitations, and Value of Abuse-deterrent Opioids,”JAMA Internal Medicine178 (2018): 131-132, doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7259. (Issue number).
F.Sloan and L.Chepke, “Litigation, Settlement, and the Public Welfare: Lessons from the Master Settlement Agreement,”Widener Law Review17 (2011): 159-226, at 215.
147.
Petition and Jury Trial Demanded, The State of Missouri ex rel. Joshua D. Hawley v. Purdue Pharma, No. 1722 CC10626 (Cir. Ct. of Mo. 2017); Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); Original Petition, State of Oklahoma ex rel. Mike Hunter v. Purdue Pharma, No. CJ-2017-816 (Dist. Ct. Cleveland Cty. 2017); Complaint, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. of Ala. 2017).
148.
Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein at 63 and 91, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); Complaint at 32 and 53, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. Ala. 2017); Complaint at 34, Cabell County Commission v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation et al, No. 3:17-cv-01665 (S.D. W.Va. 2017); Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages at 62, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017); Complaint at 64-65, State of New Hampshire v. Purdue Pharma L.P. et al, No. 1:17-cv-00427 (N.H. 2017).
149.
Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541(1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017), Original Petition, State of Oklahoma ex rel. Mike Hunter v. Purdue Pharma, No. CJ-2017-816 (Dist. Ct. Cleveland Cty. 2017); Complaint, City of Cincinnati v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No.2:17-cv-00713 (S.D. Ohio 2017); Complaint, City of Lafayette v. Purdue Pharma LP, No. 4:17-cv-91, (N.D. Ind. 2017); Complaint, City of Portsmouth v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-00723 (S.D. Ohio 2017); Complaint, Jackson County Board of County Comm. v. AmerisourceBergen, No. 2:17-cv-680 (N.D. Ohio 2017).
150.
Complaint, City of Birmingham v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-01360, (N.D. Ala. 2017).
151.
Id.; Complaint, City of Cincinnati v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No.2:17-cv-00713 (S.D. Ohio 2017);
152.
Complaint at 74, Trempealeau County v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2:17-cv-01666-LA (E.D. Wis. 2017); Complaint, City of Portsmouth v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp. et al., No. 2:17-cv-00723 (S.D. Ohio 2017); Complaint, Jackson County Board of County Comm. v. AmerisourceBergen, No. 2:17-cv-680 (N.D. Ohio 2017); Complaint, City of Lafayette v. Purdue Pharma LP, No. 4:17-cv-91, (N.D. Ind. 2017); Complaint: Jury Trial Demanded and Endorsed Herein, State of Ohio ex rel. Mike DeWine v. Purdue Pharma, No. 2017CL261 (Ct. Com. Pl. 2017); Original Petition, State of Oklahoma ex rel. Mike Hunter v. Purdue Pharma, No. CJ-2017-816 (Dist. Ct. Cleveland County 2017); Plaintiff’s Complaint for Damages, The State of New Mexico ex rel. v. Purdue Pharma, No. NO. D-101-CV-2017-02541 (1st. Jud. Dist. Ct. 2017); Complaint, The State of Mississippi ex re. Jim Hood v. Barr Laboratories Inc., No. 25CH1:17-cv-000304 (Ch. Ct. 1st Jud. Dist. Mar. 2017).
153.
A.Parker, D.Strunk, and D.A.Fiellin, “State Responses to the Opioid Crisis,”The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics46, no. 2 (2018): 367-381
154.
D. R.Hensler, “The New Social Policy Torts: Litigation As A Legislative Strategy Some Preliminary Thoughts on A New Research Project,”DePaul Law Review51, no. 2 (2001): 493-509.
155.
P.D.Jacbson and S.Soliman, “Litigation as Public Health Policy: Theory or Reality?”Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics30, no. 2 (2002): 224-238, at 225.