Efforts to address child trafficking require intensive collaboration among professionals of varied disciplines. Healthcare professionals have a major role in this multidisciplinary approach. Training is essential for all professionals, and policies and protocols may assist in fostering an effective, comprehensive response to victimization.
United Nations Human Rights, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2000, available at <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx> (last visited on Feburary 2, 2018).
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, supra note 1.
7.
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8.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, supra note 7.
9.
J.Silverman, M.Decker, J.Gupta, A.Maheshwari, B.Willis, and A.Raj, “HIV Prevalence and Predictors of Infection In Sex-Trafficked Nepalese Girls and Women,”JAMA298, no. 5 (2007): 536-542.
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E.S.Hamenoo and C.A.Sottie, “Stories From Lake Volta: The Lived Experiences of Trafficked Children In Ghana,”Child Abuse and Neglect40 (2015): 103-112.
11.
E.Turner-Moss, C.Zimmerman, L.M.Howard, and S.Oram. “Labour Exploitation and Health: A Case Series of Men and Women Seeking Post-Trafficking Services,”Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health16, no. 3 (2014): 473-480; W. Macias-Konstantopoulos, R. Ahn, E.J. Alper, E. Cafferty, A. McGahan, et al., “An International Comparative Public Health Analysis of Sex Trafficking of Women and Girls In Eight Cities: Achieving a More Effective Health Sector Response,” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 90, no. 6 (2013): 1194-1204; L. Lederer and C. Wetzel, “The Health Consequences of Sex Trafficking and Their Implications For Identifying Victims In Healthcare Facilities,” Annals of Health and Law 23 (2014): 61-91; B. M. Willis, “Child Prostitution: Global Health Burden, Research Needs, and Interventions,” Lancet 359, no. 9315 (1996): 1417-1422.; C. Zimmerman, Stolen smiles: A summary report on the physical and psychological consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2006; L. Ottisova, S. Hemmings, L. M. Howard, C. Zimmerman, and S. Oram, “Prevalence and Risk of Violence and the Mental, Physical and Sexual Health Problems Associated With Human Trafficking: An Updated Systematic Review,” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, no. 4 (2016): 317-341; Accessed on CJO 2016 doi:10.1017/S2045796016000135; S. Oram, H. Stoklosa, J. Busza, L.M. Howard, and C. Zimmerman, “Prevalence and Risk of Violence and the Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health Problems Associated With Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review,” PLoS Medicine 9, no. 5 (2012): e1001224-e1001224; S. Oram, M. Abas, D. Bick, A. Boyle, R. French, et al., “Human Trafficking and Health: A Survey of Male and Female Survivors in England,” American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 6 (2016): 1073-1078.
12.
J. G.Silverman, “Adolescent Female Sex Workers: Invisibility, Violence and HIV,”Archives of Diseases in Childhood96, no. 5 (2011): 478-481.
13.
Willis, supra note 9.
14.
A. M.Buller, V.Svaca, H.Stoklosa, R.Borland, and C.Zimmerman, Labour Exploitation, Trafficking and Migrant Health: Multi-Country Findings On the Health Risks and Consequences of Migrant and Trafficked Workers, International Organization for Migration and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2015.
15.
V. J.Greenbaum, M.Dodd, and C.McCracken, “A Short Screening Tool to Identify Victims of Child Sex Trafficking in the Health Care Setting,”Pediatric Emergency Care34, no. 1 (2015): 33-37.
16.
L.Edinburgh, J.Pape-Blabolil, S. B.Harpin, and E.Saewyc, “Assessing Exploitation Experiences of Girls and Boys Seen At a Child Advocacy Center,”Child Abuse and Neglect46 (2015):47-59.
17.
Lederer, supra note 11; Edinburgh, supra note 16; L.Kiss, K.Yun, N.Pocock, and C.Zimmerman, “Exploitation, Violence, and Suicide Risk Among Child and Adolescent Survivors of Human Trafficking In the Greater Mekong Subregion,”JAMA Pediatrics, 169, no. 9 (2015): e152278-e152285.
18.
Greenbaum, supra note 4.
19.
J.Todres, “Can Mandatory Reporting Laws Help Child Survivors of Human Trafficking?”Wisconsin Law Review Forward, 2016 (2016): 69-78.
