Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana Laws and the Public's Health

National Conference of State Legislatures, “Marijuana Deep Dive,” 2016, available at <http://www.ncsl.org/bookstore/state-legislatures-magazine/marijuana-deep-dive.aspx> (last visited June 5, 2015).

National Conference of State Legislatures, “Marijuana Overview,” available at <http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/marijuana-overview.aspx> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Marijuana Deep Dive, supra note 1.

A. Swift , “Support for Legal Marijuana Use Up to 60% in U.S.,” GALLUP, October 19, 2016, available at <http://www.gallup.com/poll/196550/support-legal-marijuana.aspx> (last visited June 5, 2017).

R. S. Rappold , “Legalize Medical Marijuana, Doctors Say in Survey, WebMD,” April 2, 2014, available at <http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/news/20140225/webmd-marijuana-survey-web#1> (last visited June 5, 2017).

National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research (Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2017): at 1, 10.

J. M. Cole , Deputy Attorney General, Guidance Regarding Marijuana Enforcement (August 29, 2016), available at <https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf> (last visited June 5, 2017).

Interview with Jeff Sessions, Attorney Gen., U.S., (March 9, 2017), available at <http://www.hughhewitt.com/attorney-general-jeff-sessions/> (last visited March 25, 2017).

See Cole, supra note 7.

Id.

K. Schwartz , Deputy Dir. & Chief Counsel, Cal. Dep't of Pub. Health, Address, Public Health Law Summit 2017 — Western Region (March 24, 2017).

A. Roth , “The Uneasy Case for Marijuana as Chemical Impairment Under a Science-Based Jurisprudence of Dangerousness,” California Law Review 103, no. 4 (2015): 841-917, at 870-73.

61A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles §§ 1575, 1577 (2016).

F. K. Whited , “Under the Influence/Impairment,” in Drinking/Driving Litigation: Criminal and Civil (2016): at § 2:10.

See Roth, supra note 12, at 849-51.

9 American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3D 459 §§ 5, 12-13 (1990).

“First Drunk Driving Arrest,” The History Channel, 2009, available at <http://www.history.com/this-dayin-history/first-drunk-driving-arrest> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Roth, supra note 12, at 873.

C. H. Hall , Annotation, “Validity, Construction, and Application of Statutes Directly Proscribing Driving with Blood-Alcohol Level in Excess of Established Percentage,” 54 American Law Reports 4th 149 (1987): at § 2(a).

H. Moskowitz and D. Fiorentino , “A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Low Doses of Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills,” 2000, available at <https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/pub/Hs809028/Title.htm#Contents> (last visited June 5, 2017).

4 American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3D 229 § 1; 61A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles, § 1587.

See Hall, supra note 19, at §§ 3(a)-(e); 61A C.J.S. Motor Vehicles § 1587; 9 American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3D 229 § 1.

16C Corpus Juris Secundum, Constitutional Law § 1653.

9 American Jurisprudence Proof of Facts 3D 229 § 10.

Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 313 (1985).

16C Corpus Juris Secundum, Constitutional Law § 1653 (2017).

23 Corpus Juris Secundum, Criminal Procedure and Rights of Accused § 978 (2016).

Cty. Ct. of Ulster Cty., N.Y. v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 156-57 (1979).

Morgan v. Shirley, 958 F.2d 662, 668-69 (6th Cir. 1992)

United States v. Thomas, 367 F.3d 194, 198 (4th Cir. 2004).

Breithaupt v. Abram, 352 U.S. 432, 435-38 (1957).

J.D. Adams , “New Issues in Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis Cases,” Aspatore (November, 2013), at *3, WL 5757943.

National Conference of State Legislatures, Drugged Driving, available at <http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/drugged-driving-overview.aspx> (last visited June 5, 2017); National Conference of State Legislatures, “Drugged Driving Per Se Laws,” available at <http://www.ncsl.org/documents/transportation/PerSeChart_Jan2017.pdf> (last visited June 5, 2017); Governors Highway Safety Association, Drug Impaired Driving, available at <http://www.ghsa.org/state-laws/issues/drug%20impaired%20driving> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Drugged Driving, supra note 33.

Id.; Governors Highway Safety Association, supra note 33.

See Governors Highway Safety Association, supra note 33.

See Drugged Driving, supra note 33; Drugged Driving Per Se Laws, supra note 33.

National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Drugged Driving,” available at <https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/drugged-driving> (last visited June 5, 2017).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Impaired Driving: Get the Facts,” available at <https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids, supra note 6, at 184-185.

P. Armentano , “Should Per Se Limits Be Imposed For Cannabis? Equating Cannabinoid Blood Concentrations with Actual Driver Impairment: Practical Limitations and Concerns,” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 35, no. 35 (2013): 45-55, at 47.

See Roth, supra note 12, at 884-888.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets: Cannabis/Marijuana, available at <https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/job-185drugs/cannabis.htm> (last visited June 5, 2017).

Id.; see The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids, supra note 6, at 182-185.

P. Sharma , P. Murthy , and M. M. Srinivas Bharath , “Chemistry, Metabolism, and Toxicology of Cannabis: Clinical Implications,” Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (2012): 149-156, available at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570572/> (last visited June 5, 2017); M. A. Huestis, “Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics,” Chemical Biodiversity 4, no. 8 (2009): 1770-1804, available at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2689518/> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets, supra note 44.

See Roth, supra note 12, at 884-87.

See Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets, supra note 44; Armentano, supra note 42, at 47-49.

See Armentano, supra note 42, at 48; Roth, supra note 12, at 885-886.

See Armentano, supra note 42, at 48.

See National Institute on Drug Abuse, supra note 39.

R. A. Sewell et al ., “The Effect of Cannabis Compared with Alcohol on Driving,” American Journal on Addictions 18, no. 3 (2009): 185-193, available at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722956/pdf/nihms115730.pdf> (last visited June 5, 2017); Armentano, supra note 39, at 50.

E. L. Karschner et al ., “Do Δ9-tTetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations Indicate Recent Use in Chronic Cannabis Users?” Addiction 104, no. 2 (2009): 2041-2048, available at <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784185/pdf/nihms134593.pdf> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Sewell et al., supra note 53.

D. B. Marlowe , Research Update on Adult Drug Courts (December, 2010), available at <http://www.nadcp.org/sites/default/files/nadcp/Research%20Update%20on%20Adult%20Drug%20Courts%20-%20NADCP_1.pdf> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Roth, supra note 12, at 915-916.

B. Schwartzapfel , “When Is Someone Too Stoned to Drive? The Question Is Trickier Than You'd Think for Courts to Answer,” American Bar Association Journal (April 2017), available at <http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/too_stoned_to_drive/?utm_source=maestro&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=tech_monthly> (last visited June 5, 2017).

See Governors Highway Safety Association, supra note 33.

21 U.S.C.A. § 812.

“Applications to Become Registered Under the Controlled Substances Act to Manufacture Marijuana to Supply Researchers in the United States,” 81 Federal Register 53846 (Aug. 12, 2016).