The forced marriage of minors is child abuse, consequently duties exist to stop them. Yet over 14 million forced marriages of minors occur annually in developing countries. The American Bar Association (ABA) concludes that the problem in the US is significant, widespread but largely ignored, and that few US laws protect minors from forced marriages. Although their best chance of rescue often involves visits to health care providers, US providers show little awareness of this growing problem. Strategies discussed to stop forced marriages include recommendations from the UN, the ABA, and the UK. The author anticipates and responds to criticisms that first, no duty to intervene exists without better laws and practice guidelines; and second, that such marriages are not child abuse in traditions where parental rights or familism allegedly justify them.
L. M.Kopelman, “Make Her a Virgin Again: When Medical Disputes about Minors Are Cultural Clashes,”Journal of Medicine and Philosophy39, no. 1 (2014): 8–25.
3.
See UNFPA, supra note 1.
4.
See ABA, supra note 1.
5.
U.K. Multiagency Practice guidelines, supra note 1.
6.
U.K. 2014, supra note 1; U.K. Ministry of Justice supra note 1; U.K. 2014 supra note 1; Travis, supra note 1; U.K. Multiagency Practice guidelines, supra note 1.
7.
UNFPA 2012, supra note 1; United Nations 2013, supra note 1.
8.
ABA, supra note 1.
9.
UNFPA 2012, supra note 1
10.
UNFPA 2012, supra note 1 at page 10.
11.
UNFPA 2012, supra note 1;U.S. supra note 1; Alfaro et al. supra note 1; ABA supra note 1; U.K.2014 Information and practice guidelines supra note 1; U.K. Multiagency Practice guidelines, supra note 1; Heiman et al. supra note 1; Tahirih supra note 1.
12.
U.S. supra note 1.
13.
UNFPA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1.
14.
Alfaro et al., supra note 1; A.Marcus, “Is Forced Marriage a Problem in the United States? Intergenerational Conflict over Marital Choice among College Students at the City University of New York,”available at <http://snrg-nyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/forced-marriage-working-paper.pdf> (last visited February 22, 2016).
15.
Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1; Alfaro supra note 1, Marcus supra note 14.
16.
ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1
17.
U.N. 1948 at Article 16(2).
18.
UNFPA, supra note 1; U.N. 1990, supra note 1; U.N. 1946; U.N. 2013.
19.
U.S. supra note 1.
20.
Council of Europe, supra note 1.
21.
ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1.
22.
UNFPA, supra note 1; ABA, supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1; Alfaro et al., supra note 1.
23.
U.S., supra note 1; U.K. Multi-agency Practice Guidelines, supra note 1.
24.
T. L.Beauchamp and J. F.Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 7th ed. (Oxford: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
25.
UNFPA, supra note 1; U.S., supra note 1; ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1; U.K. Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines, supra note 1; Sri et al., supra note 1.
26.
Sri et al., supra note 1; U.K Muti-Agency Practice Guideline, supra note 1.
27.
UNFPA, supra note 1; U.S., supra note 1; ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1; U.K. Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines, supra note 1; Sri et al., supra note 1.
28.
Id.
29.
Id.
30.
Id.
31.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), “Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect in Federal Law,”The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (42 U.S.C.A. § 5106g), as amended by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, available at <https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/can/defining/federal/> (last visited February 22, 2015).
32.
DHHS, supra note 31, at 1.
33.
ABA, supra note 1.
34.
Id., at Resolution at 1.
35.
ABA, supra note 1, at Report at 7.
36.
Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1;
37.
Sri et al., supra note 1; Marcus et al., supra note 14.
38.
ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1; Sri et al., supra note 1; Marcus et al., supra note 14.
39.
U.K. Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines, supra note 1, at page 6.
Beauchamp et al., supra note 24; Kopelman, supra note 2; R.Macklin, Against Relativism: Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
57.
Heiman et al., supra note 1; Sri et al., supra note 1; Alfaro, supra note 1; Marcus et al., supra note 14.
58.
Kopelman, supra note 2; Macklin, supra note 55.
59.
Kopelman, supra note 2
60.
ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1.
61.
ABA, supra note 1.
62.
U.S., supra note 1; UNFPA, supra note 1, ABA, supra note 1; Heiman et al., supra note 1; Tahirih, supra note 1.
63.
U.K. Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines, supra note 1.