The May 1994 American Society of Training and Development (ASTD) meeting will be the 25th anniversary of Situational Leadership. This article by one of the original developers of that model and two of his colleagues reviews work that led to the model's development, revisions that have since improved the model, and extensive research that has been conducted--much of it never before formally published--using the revised model and related instrumentation.
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References
1.
Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard , "Life Cycle Theory of Leadership," Training and Development Journal, 23, May 1969.
2.
William J. Reddin, "The 3-D Management Style Theory," Training and Development Journal, April 1967, pp 8-17.
3.
Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard , Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources, 6th Edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
4.
Kurt Lewin, R. Lippett and R. White, "Leader Behavior and Member Reaction in Three Social Climates," Group Dynamics: Research and Theory, 2nd Edition, eds., D. Cartwright and A. Zander, Evanston, IL : Row Peterson & Company, 1960 .
5.
Robert Tannenbaum and Warren H. Schmidt , "How to Choose a Leadership Pattern," Harvard Business Review, March-April, 1958.
6.
Ralph M. Stogdill and Alvin Coons, eds., Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, Research Monograph No. 88, Columbus, OH: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University , 1957.
7.
Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton , The Managerial Grid, Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing, 1964.
8.
Fred E. Fiedler, A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, New York : McGraw-Hill, 1967.
9.
Carl Graeff, "The Situational Leadership Theory: A Critical Review," Academy of Management Review, Vol 8, 1983, pp 285-291.
10.
Kenneth H. Blanchard , Ron Hambleton, Drea Zigarmi, and Doug Forsyth, Leader Behavior Analysis (Self and Other) , Escondido, CA: Blanchard Training and Development Inc., 1982; the revised version of this instrument, the LBAII Self and Other, was published in 1985.
11.
Kenneth H. Blanchard, "A Situational Approach to Managing People," "Situational Leadership II: A Dynamic Model for Managers and Subordinates," and "Contracting for Leadership Style: The Key to Effective Communication" were all published in Executive Excellence, January-March 1985.
12.
Kenneth H. Blanchard , Pat Zigarmi and Drea Zigarmi, Leadership and the One Minute Manager , New York: Morrow, 1985.
13.
Malcolm S. Knowles , The Modern Practice of Adult Education: Androgogy versus Pedagogy, New York: Association Press, 1970.
14.
Warren Blank , John R. Weitzel and Stephen Green, "A Test of the Situational Leadership Theory," Personnel Psychology, Vol 43, No 3, Autumn 1990 , pp 579-597.
15.
Barry-Craig P. Johansen, "Situational Leadership: A Review of the Research," Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol 1, No 1, Spring 1990.
16.
Drea Zigarmi, Carl Edeburn and Kenneth Blanchard , Research on the LBA: A Validity and Reliability Study, 2nd Edition, Escondido, CA: Blanchard Training and Development, 1993.
17.
Rachanee Wisessang, "Leadership Style, Style Flexibility and Style Effectiveness of Public Secondary School Principals in Thailand," Tuscaloosa, AL : Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Alabama, 1988.
18.
Julian Martin , "Self Reported Leadership Styles of Higher Education Administration in Venezuela as Related to Selected Demographic Variables ," Kalamazoo, MI: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Western Michigan University, 1990.
19.
Larry Birden, "Leadership Behavior Styles of Administrations and School Climate in Area Vocational Technical Schools in Oklahoma as Perceived by Teachers," Norman, OK: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1992.
20.
Steve Lobban, "An Analysis of the Relationships between Clinical Supervision and Situational Leadership: The Development Process to Increase Clinical Supervision Effectiveness," Amherst, MA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1988 .
21.
Jessica Stoner-Zemel , "Visionary Leadership, Management and High Performing Work Units: An Analysis of Workers' Perceptions," Amherst, MA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1988.
22.
Allen Wilkinson, "Perceived Supervisory Leadership Style, Flexibility and Effectiveness, Counselor Locus of Control and Dimensions of Job Satisfaction for State Rehabilitations Counselors," Edwardsville, IL: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Southern Illinois University, 1990.
23.
Lelah Duke, "Relationships Between Nurse Education Administrators' Leadership Behaviors and Empowerment of Nursing Faculty and Students," Salt Lake City, UT: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1988.
24.
Mike Haley, "Relationship Between Internal-External Locus of Control Beliefs, Self-Monitoring and Leadership Style Adaptability," Cleveland, OH: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1983.
25.
Eric Jacobsen , "The Subordinate: A Moderating Variable Between Leader Behavior and Effectiveness," Los Angeles, CA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary , 1984.
26.
James Price, "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Perceived Leadership and Managerial Effectiveness in Matrix Organizations," Fairfax, VA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, George Mason University, 1993.
27.
R.S. Nye , "Situational Leadership: Its Relationship in the innovative Performance of Selected Secondary School Principals," Pullman, WA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Washington State University, 1986.
28.
Roger Clark, "Relationship Between College Teacher Leader Behavior and Student Rating of Teaching Effectiveness," Edwardsville, IL: Unpublished Doctoral Dis' sertation, Southern Illinois University , 1993.
29.
Herbert Wooten, "Cognitive Complexity and Selected Aspects of Leader's Self-Reported Cognitions," Greensboro, NC: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1991.
30.
Drea Zigarmi, Carl Edeburn and Kenneth H. Blanchard , "Managerial Self-Reported Effectiveness Ratings as Compared with Employee Perceptions of Climate and Satisfaction," Escondido, CA: Blanchard Training and Development Inc., Unpublished Study, 1992.
31.
Mari Wirfs, " Individual and Professional Background Developmental Level and Professional Zone of Acceptance of Collegiate Nurse Educators," New Orleans, LA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of New Orleans, 1991.
32.
Robert Clothier, "In Investigation of the Applicability of the Hersey Blanchard Situational Theory in Institutions of Higher Education," Greely, CO: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 1984.
33.
Harold Wiggin, "A Meta-Analysis of Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory ," Boca Raton, FL: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1991.
34.
Linda Anderson, "A Meta-Analysis of the Match/Nonmatch Concept Proposed by Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership," Iowa City, IA: Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of lowa, 1989.
