Recently a cognitive based theory of hope developed within the field of positive psychology has been discussed in relation to organizational leadership. (Shorey & Snyder, 1997) Hope in this context can be described as a positive motivational state that contributes to leaders and followers expending the requisite energy necessary to pursue and attain organizational goals. In an effort to further understand hope in relation to leadership the authors identify linkages between hope and theories of motivation, goal setting and goal pursuit commonly applied in leadership studies. This is followed by a review of emerging leadership concepts and theories that explicitly include the concept of hope. Implications for theory are discussed and questions for future research are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, V.H., Snyder, C.R., Rand, K.L., King, E.A., Sigman, D.R., & Pulvers, K.M. (2002). Hope in the workplace, in Giacolone, R. & Jurkiewicz, C. (Eds.), Workplace Spirituality and Organization Performance, NY: Sharpe.
2.
Avolio, B.J., Gardner, W.L., Walumbwa, F.O., Luthans, F., & May, D.R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly15, 801-823
3.
Avolio, B., Luthans, F., & Walumbwa, F.O. (2004). Authentic leadership: Theory-building for veritable sustained performance. Working paper. Gallup Leadership Institute , University of Nebraska, Lincoln .
4.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy, the exercise of control. NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.
5.
Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass & Stodgill's handbook of leadership-Theory, research, and managerial applications,( 3rd ed.). NY: The Free Press.
Bums, J.M. (2003) Transforming leadership. NY : Atlantic Monthly Press.
8.
Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1999). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping, the psychology of what works, (p 182-204). NY: Oxford University Press.
9.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman
10.
Curry, L.A., Snyder, C.R., Cook, D.L., Ruby, B.C., & Rehm, M. (1997). The role of hope in student-athlete academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73, 1257-1267.
11.
Doyle, M.E., & Smith, M.K. (1999). Born and bred? Leadership, heart and informal educationLondon: YMCA George Williams College/Rank Foundation.
12.
Fry, L.W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693-727.
13.
Gardner, J.W. (1993). On leadership. NY: Free Press .
14.
Gardner, W.L., Avolio B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R.,& Walumbwa, F. (2005). "Can you see the real me?" A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly , 16:3, in press.
15.
Helland, M. (2004). Moments of truth: the meaning of critical incidents in the development of leader-member exchange relationships. Dissertation Abstracts International, (UMI No. 3141543)
16.
Hickman, G.R. (1998). Leading organizations: perspectives for a new era. Hickman, G. R. (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Safe Publications
17.
House, R.J. (1996) Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 323-352.
18.
Kirk, S., & Koeske, G. (1995). The fate of optimism: a longitudinal study of case leaders' hopefulness and subsequent morale. Research in Social Work Practice, 5, 47-61.
19.
Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist , 57 (9) 705-717
20.
Ludema, J.D., Wilmot, T.B., & Srivastva, S. (August, 1997). Organization hope: Reaffirming the constructive task of social and organizational inquiry. Human Relations , 50:8, 1015-1053.
21.
Luthans, F. (2002a). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16:1, 57-72
22.
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive development approach . Positive Organizational Scholarship.[Retrieved December 3, 2004] http://www.cba.unl.edu/people/article.asp?ID=12
23.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K.W., Hodgetts, R.M., & Luthans, B.C. (2001). Positive approach to leadership (PAL) implications for today's organizations. Journal of LeadershipStudies, 8:2, 3-20.
24.
Luthans. F., & Jensen, S.M. (2003). Hope: A new positive strength for human resources development. Human Resources Development Review. [Retrieved 11/12/2004] http://www.cba.unl.edu/people/article.asp?ID=25
25.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C.M. (2004). Investing in people for competitive advantage . Organizational Dynamics, 33:2, 143-160.
26.
Luthans, F., Van Wyk, R., & Walumbwa, F.O. (2004). Recognition and development of hope for South African organizational leaders. The Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25:6, 512-527.
27.
Magaletta, P.R., & Oliver, J.M. (1999). The hope construct, will and ways: Their relative relations with self-efficacy, optimism and general well being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539-551.
28.
Michael, S.T. (2000). Hope conquers fear: Overcoming anxiety and panic attacks. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 355-378.
29.
Moltmann, J. (1967). Theology of Hope. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press
30.
Peterson, S.J. & Luthans. F. (2003). The positive impact and development of hopeful leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24:1,26-31.
31.
Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention and positive therapy. Snyder, C. R. & Lopez. S. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press, 3-9.
32.
Shade, P. (2001). Habits of hope: A pragmatic theory. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
33.
Shorey, H.S., & Snyder, C.R. (2004). Hope as a common process in effective leadership . Paper presented at the UNL Gallup Leadership Institute Summit, June 10-12, 2004.
34.
Shorey, H.S., Snyder, C.R., & Heim-Bikos, L. (2004). Raising hope in at-risk adolescents: Evaluation of a hope-based group intervention for residential foster care. Unpublished manuscript, University of Kansas , Lawrence.
35.
Snyder, C.R. (1994a). Hope and optimism. In V. S. Ramachandren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior , 2, 535-542, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
36.
Snyder, C.R. (1994b). The psychology of hope: You can get to there from here. NY: Free Press.
37.
Snyder, C.R. (1996). To hope, to lose, and hope again. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 1, 3-16.
38.
Snyder, C.R. (1998a). A case for hope in pain, loss, and suffering . In J. H. Harvey, J. Omarzu & E. Miller (Eds). Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook63-70, Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.
39.
Snyder, C.R. (2002). Hope theory: rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13:4, 249-275.
40.
Snyder, C.R., Cheavens, J., & Michael, S.T. (1999). Hoping. In Cr. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping, the psychology of what works. NY: Oxford University Press, 205-231.
41.
Snyder, C.R., Cheavens, J. & Sympson, S.C. (1997) Hope: An Individual Motive for Social Commerce, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 1:2, 107-118.
42.
Snyder, C.R., Feldman, D.B., Taylor, J.D., Schroeder, L.L., & Adams, V. Iii (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied and Preventive Psychology , 15, 262-295.
43.
Snyder, C.R., Harris. C., Anderson, J.R.Holleran, S.A., Irving. L.M., Sigmon. S.T.Yoshinobu, L., Gibb. J.Langelle. C. & Harney. P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585
44.
Snyder, C.R., Irving, L.M., & Anderson, J.R. (1991). Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & Donelson R. Forsyth (Eds.), The handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective (pp. 285-307). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. Snyder, C.R., Lopez, S., Shorey, H.S., Rand, K.L., & Feldman, D.B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 122-139.
45.
Snyder, C.R., Michael, S.T., & Cheavens, J. (1999). Hope as a psychotherapeutic foundation for nonspecific factors, placebos, and expectancies. In M.A. Huble, B. Duncan, & S. Miller (Eds.), Heart and soul of change (pp. 179-200). Washington, DC: American
46.
Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S.C., Ybasco, F.C., Borders, T.F., Babyak, M.A., & Higgins, R.L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 321-335.
47.
Vroom, V. (1964). Work and Motivation. NY: John Wiley.
48.
White-Zappa, B. (2001). Hopeful corporate citizenship: A quantitative and qualitative examination of the relationship between organizational hope, appreciative inquiry, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International,(UMI No. 3012630)
49.
Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in Organizations, (4th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
