Beyond current laparoscopic surgery is the emergence of robotic surgery. The power of this type of surgery is converting both vision and hand motions into electronic signals (video and telemanipulation), which completes the transition of surgery from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. Other advances include replacing scrub and circulation nurses with robots, miniaturization, biosurgery, “intelligent” instruments, and energy-directed rather than mechanical surgical tools. These modalities will supplement-but not totally replacecurrent forms of surgery such as open conventional, minimally invasive, endoluminal, and interventional.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Anvari M , McKinley : Routine use of telerobotic remote surgery . Proc 9th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery 2004; 5: 46-46 .
2.
2. Sandberg WS , Ganous TJ , Steiner C : Setting a research agenda for perioperative systems design . Semin Laparosc Surg10(2): 57-70 , 2003.
3.
3. Liepmann D , Pisano AP , Sage B : Microelectromechanical systems technology to deliver insulin . Diabetes Technol Ther1(4): 469-476 , 1999.
4.
4. Wolf RK , Alderman EL , Caskey MP , et al: Clinical and sixmonth angiographic evaluation of coronary arterial graft interrupted anastomoses by use of a self-closing clip device: A multicenter prospective clinical trial . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg126(1): 168-177 , 2003.
5.
5. Soler L , Delingette H , Malandain G , et al: An automatic virtual patient reconstruction from CT-scans for hepatic surgical planning . Stud Health Technol Inform70: 316-322 , 2000.
6.
6. Noble ML , Vaezy S , Keshavarzi A , et al: Spleen hemostasis using high-intensity ultrasound: survival and healing . J Trauma53(6): 1115-1120 , 2002.
7.
7. Tirlapur UK , Konig K : Femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses as a versatile non-invasive tool for intra-tissue nanoprocessing in plants without compromising viability . Plant J31(3): 365-374 , 2002.
9. Chapin JK , Moxon KA , Markowitz RS , et al: Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex . Nat Neurosci2(7): 664-670 , 1999.
