The present study is aimed at determining the effect of explicit patterns of reference on the orientation-dependent functions (or normalization processes) involving the visual code. The experimental results showed that in the case of same judgments reference patterns can compensate for physical distortions at the level of retinal projections and that invariant relationships between frames of reference can be utilized in speeding up the response. No such an effect was found in the case of different responses. It is concluded that same and different responses are mediated by two different processors and that holistic operations of normalization act only in the case of same responses.
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