The design of workstations with visual displays has become the subject of considerable interest and concern during the past few years. One area of concern relates to the assumption that long term viewing of such displays at close focal distances may contribute to visual fatigue. A second is the effect on the human visual system of the frequent changes in surface illumination associated with display units used in combination with hard copy documents. As a consequence of these and other concerns, the popular press has published articles that have aroused the interest of various scientific organizations regarding the subject of these effects. This paper discusses a review of some of the literature regarding a limited aspect of this issue, namely the accommodation and pupillary systems as they relate to long term viewing of visual display units.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BedwellC. H., “The Eye, Vision, and Visual Discomfort,”Lighting Research and Technology, 1972, 4: 151–158.
2.
BerensC., “Tired Eyes,”Hygeia, 1943, 21: 340–341.
3.
BerensC.SellsS. B., “Experimental Studies of Fatigue of Accommodation,”Amer. J. Ophth., 1950, 33: 47–57.
4.
BirnbaumR., “Health Hazards of VDUs,”London School of Hygiene, March 1978.
5.
BrutonD. M., “Medical Aspects of CRT Display Systems,”Society of Occupational Medicine Transactions, 1972, 22: 56–57.
6.
BuschG. K., “Ergonomic Problems with Visual Display Units in the Banking and Insurance Industries,” Report for F.I.E.T., U.S.A., 1976.
7.
ChaloupkovaE.ChaloupkaZ.JoachimsthalerJ., “Examination of Visual Fatigue by Means of the Clock Panel,”Psychologie v. Ekonomicks Praxe, 1971, 6(3–4): 195–197.
8.
CobbP. W.MossF. K., “Eye Fatigue and its Relation to Light and Work,”J. Franklin Inst., 1925, 200: 239–247.
9.
CollinsJ. B., “Visual Fatigue and its Measurement,”Ann. Occup. Hyg., 1959, 1: 228–236.
10.
CollinsJ. B.PruenB., “Perception Time and Visual Fatigue,”Ergonomics, 1962, 5(4): 533.
11.
EmanuelJ. T.GlonekR. J., “Ergonomic Approach to Productivity Improvement for Microscope Work,”Motorola Semiconductor Product Division, Phoenix, Arizona, August 1974.
12.
FergusonD. A.MajorG.KeldoulisT., “Vision at Work: Visual Defect and the Visual Demands of Tasks,”Applied Ergonomics, June 1974, 5(2): 84–93.
13.
FlorekH., “Some Aspects of the Determination of Visual Fatigue,”Studia Psychologia, 1967, 9(1): 46–54.
14.
FugateJ. M.FryG.A., “Relation of Changes in Pupil Size to Visual Comfort,”Ilium. Eng., July 1956, p. 537–549.
15.
GeacintovT.PeavlerW. S., “Pupillography in Industrial Fatigue Assessment,”J. of Applied Psychology, April 1974, 59(2): 213–216.
16.
GouldG. M., “Eye Strain in its Relation to Occupations,”Amer. J. Physiol., 1921, 1: 15–40.
17.
GrandjeanE., “Fatigue: Its Physiological and Psychological Significance,”Ergonomics, 1968, 11: 427–436.
18.
GreenR., “VDU's Come Under Health Scrutiny,”Computing, December 1977.
19.
HaiderD. M., “Workload and Eyestrain at Display Terminals,” Report on an Ergonomic Investigation Commissioned by the Union of Private Employees, May 1975.
20.
HartridgeH., “Physiological Eye-Strain,” Proceedings of the Physiological Society, May 10, 1919.
HoweL., “Measurement of Fatigue of the Ocular Muscles,”J. Amer. Med. Assn., 1912, 42: 1024.
23.
HultgenG. V.KnaveB., “Discomfort Glare and Disturbances from Light Reflections in an Office Landscape with CRT Display Terminals,”Applied Ergonomics, 1974, 5(1): 2–8.
24.
KravkovS. V., “The Hygienic Basis of Standards of Illumination,” Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports, No. NASA-II-F-16066, December 1945.
25.
KrivohlavyJ., “Visual Efficiency and Fatigue During the Afternoon Shifts,”Ergonomics, 1969, 12(5): 735–740.
26.
LowensteinO.FeinbergR.LowenfeldI.E., “Pupillary Movements During Acute and Chronic Fatigue,”Investigative Ophthalmology, 1963, 2: 138–157.
27.
LowensteinO.FeinbergR.LowenfeldI. E., “Pupillary Movements During Acute and Chronic Fatigue,”Investigative Ophthalmology, 1963, 2: 138–157.
28.
LowensteinO.LowenfeldI. E., “Types of Central Autonomics Interval,”A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychial., Chicago, 1951, 25:5115.
29.
L'vovskayaI. N.FedinL. A., “Methods for Studying Visual Fatigue of Steromicroscope Operators,”Soviet J. Opt. Technol., Nov. 1973, 40(11): 703–707.
30.
MahtoR. S., “Eye Strain From Convergence Insufficiency,”British Medical Journal, 1972, 2: 564–565.
31.
McFarlandR. A.HolwayA. H.HurvichL. M., “Studies of Visual Fatigue,”Boston: Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1942.
32.
OstbergO., “CRT's Pose Health Problems for Operators,”International Journal of Health and Safety, Nov/Dec 1975, p. 24–52.
33.
OstbergO., “Review of Visual Strain, with Special Reference to Microimage Reading,” Transactions of the International Micrographics Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, October 28, 1976.
34.
PeavlerW. S.GeacintovT., “Techniques in Visual Fatigue Assessment,”Bell Telephone Labs., 1974.
35.
RuppB. A., “Human Factors of Workstations With Display Terminals,” IBM Tech. Report G320–6102–0, May 1978.
36.
SaldankaE. L., “An Investigation Into The Effects of Prolonged and Exacting Visual Work,”Med. Res. Coun. Appl. Psychol., Feb. 1957, Vol. 243/55.
37.
SimmermanH., “Visual Fatigue,”Amer. J. Optom., 1950, 27: 554–561.
38.
WestV.ParkerJ. F., “A Review of Recent Literature: Measurement and Prediction of Operational Fatigue,”Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N00014-74-C-0225, Task No. NR 201–067, Feb. 1975.
39.
WestonH. C., “Visual Fatigue,”Illum. Engng., U. London, England, 1954, 49:63–74.
