Autonomous ridesharing vehicles provide a potential alternative and affordable mode of transportation for older adults and users with disabilities or special needs, but relatively few studies have investigated the accessibility of autonomous ridesharing applications and vehicles for them. Therefore, a participatory design approach was used to investigate the needs and challenges of this population. This investigation involved interviews, review of past focus group transcripts, literature reviews, and surveys. The findings resulted in a list of user needs to design and build prototypes of accessible technologies as part of an ecosystem for booking and riding in autonomous ridesharing vehicles. The ecosystem of technologies consisted of prototypes of a mobile application, a web application, an in-vehicle human-machine interface, an external human-machine interface, and the vehicle interior design.
BlombergJ. L.HendersonA. (1990). Reflections on participatory design: Lessons from the trillium experience. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1145/97243.97307
3.
BrinkleyJ.HuffE. W.BoatengK.AhireS. (2020). Autonomous Vehicle Design Anti-Patterns: Making Emerging Transportation Technologies Inaccessible by Design. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641249
4.
BrinkleyJ.HuffE. W.PosadasB.WoodwardJ.DailyS. B.GilbertJ. E. (2020). Exploring the Needs, Preferences, and Concerns of Persons with Visual Impairments Regarding Autonomous Vehicles. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing, 13(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372280
5.
CarvalhoS.AhireS.HuffE. W.BrinkleyJ. (2020). UTT: A Conceptual Model to Guide the Universal Design of Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 64(1), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641024
DaweM. (2007). “Let me show you what I want”: Engaging individuals with cognitive disabilities and their families in design. CHI ‘07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2177–2182. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240866.1240976
9.
de ClercqG.DietrichA.Nuñez VelascoJ. P.de WinterJ.HappeeR. (2019). External Human-Machine Interfaces on Automated Vehicles: Effects on Pedestrian Crossing Decisions.
10.
Figma: The collaborative interface design tool. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2021, from https://www.figma.com/
GhodkeU.YusimL.SomanathS.CoppinP. (2019). The Cross-Sensory Globe: Participatory Design of a 3D Audio-Tactile Globe Prototype for Blind and Low-Vision Users to Learn Geography. Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1145/3322276.3323686
13.
GluckA.BoatengK.HuffE. W.Jr.BrinkleyJ. (2020). Putting Older Adults in the Driver Seat: Using User Enactment to Explore the Design of a Shared Autonomous Vehicle. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications.
14.
GluckA.HuffE. W.ZhangM.BrinkleyJ. (2020). Lights, Camera, Autonomy! Exploring the Opinions of Older Adults Regarding Autonomous Vehicles Through Enactment. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.
15.
HansenN. B.DindlerC.HalskovK.IversenO. S.BossenC.BasballeD. A.SchoutenB. (2019). How Participatory Design Works: Mechanisms and Effects. Proceedings of the 31st Australian Conference on Human-Computer-Interaction, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3369457.3369460
16.
HuffE. W.DellaMariaN.PosadasB.BrinkleyJ. (2019). Am I Too Old to Drive?: Opinions of Older Adults on Self-Driving Vehicles. The 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - ASSETS ‘19, 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308561.3353801
17.
HuffE. W.JrZhangM.BrinkleyJ. (2020). Enacting into Reality: Using User Enactment to Explore the Future of Autonomous Vehicle Design. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 1561–1565). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641373
18.
KanstrupA. M.Rotger-GrifulS.Laplante-LévesqueA.Cleveland NielsenA. (2017). Designing Connections for Hearing Rehabilitation: Exploring Future Client Journeys with Elderly Hearing Aid Users, Relatives and Healthcare Providers. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, 1153–1163. https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064737
19.
LundbergC.Hakamies-BlomqvistL.AlmkvistO.JohanssonK. (1998). Impairments of some cognitive functions are common in crash-involved older drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00111-5
20.
MarottoliR. A.CooneyL. M.WagnerD. R.DoucetteJ.TinettiM. E. (1994). Predictors of Automobile Crashes and Moving Violations among Elderly Drivers. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121(11), 842–846. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00003
NielsenA. C.Rotger-GrifulS.KanstrupA. M.Laplante-LévesqueA. (2018). User-Innovated eHealth Solutions for Service Delivery to Older Persons With Hearing Impairment. American Journal of Audiology, 27(3S), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJA-IMIA3-18-0009
24.
PayyanadanR. P.LeeJ. D. (2018). Understanding the ridesharing needs of older adults. Travel Behaviour and Society, 13, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.08.002
25.
RitterA. S.StraightA.EvansE. (2002). Understanding Senior Transportation: Report and Analysis of a Survey of Consumers Age 50+. 104.
26.
RubinG. S.NgE. S. W.Bandeen-RocheK.KeylP. M.FreemanE. E.WestS. K., & Team, the S. P. (2007). A Prospective, Population-Based Study of the Role of Visual Impairment in Motor Vehicle Crashes among Older Drivers: The SEE Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(4), 1483–1491. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0474
WöcklB.YildizogluU.BuberI.Aparicio DiazB.KruijffE.TscheligiM. (2012). Basic senior personas: A representative design tool covering the spectrum of European older adults. Proceedings of the 14th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1145/2384916.2384922
