Augmented-Reality (AR) head-up display (HUD) is one of the promising solutions to reduce distraction potential while driving and performing secondary visual tasks; however, we currently don’t know how to effectively evaluate interfaces in this area. In this study, we show that current visual distraction standards for evaluating in-vehicle displays may not be applicable for AR HUDs. We provide evidence that AR HUDs can afford longer glances with no decrement in driving performance. We propose that the selection of measurement methods for driver distraction research should be guided not only by the nature of the task under evaluation but also by the properties of the method itself.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AblaBmeierM.PoitschkeT.BenglerF. W. K.RigollG. (2007). Eye Gaze Studies Comparing Head-Up and Head-Down Displays in Vehicles. Multimedia and Expo, 2007 IEEE International Conference On, 2250–2252. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICME.2007.4285134
2.
Driver Focus-Telematics Working Group. (2006). Statement of Principles, Criteria and Verification Procedures on Driver Interactions with Advanced In-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems.
3.
EngströmJ.JohanssonE.ÖstlundJ. (2005). Effects of visual and cognitive load in real and simulated motorway driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8(2 SPEC. ISS.), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2005.04.012
4.
GabbardJ. L.SmithM.TanousK.KimH.JonasB. (2019). AR DriveSim: An Immersive Driving Simulator for Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Research. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 6, 98. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2019.00098
5.
GreenbergJ.TijerinaL.CurryR.ArtzB.CatheyL.GrantP.KochharD.KozakK.BlommerM. (2003). EVALUATION OF DRIVER DISTRACTION USING AN EVENT DETECTION PARADIGM. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1843, 1–9.
6.
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, N., & Department of Transportation, U. (2019). Research Note: Distracted Driving in Fatal Crashes, 2016.
7.
LiuY.-C.WenM.-H. (2004). Comparison of head-up display (HUD) vs. Head-down display (HDD): driving performance of commercial vehicle operators in Taiwan. International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, 61(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHCS.2004.06.002
8.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2012). Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines For In-Vehicle Electronic Devices. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v4il.24
9.
ÖstlundJ.NilssonL.CarstenO.MeratN.JamsonH.JamsonS.MoutaS.CarvalhaisJ.SantosJ.AnttilaV.SandbergH.LuomaJ.De WaardD.BrookhuisK.JohanssonE.EngströmJ.VictorT.HarblukJ.JanssenW.… BurnsP. (2004). Title HASTE Deliverable 2 HMI and Safety-Related Driver Performance.
10.
ReganM. A.LeeJ. D.YoungK. L. (2009). Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation. CRC Press.
11.
ReimerB.MehlerB.WangY.CoughlinJ. F. (2012). A field study on the impact of variations in shortterm memory demands on drivers’ visual attention and driving performance across three age groups. Human Factors, 54(3), 454–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812437274
12.
SmithM.GabbardJ. L.BurnettG.DoutchevaN. (2017). The effects of augmented reality head-up displays on drivers’ eye scan patterns, performance, and perceptions. International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJMHCI.2017040101
13.
SmithM.GabbardJ. L.ConleyC. (2016a). Extending Measures and Metrics of Visual Distraction with Automotive Head-up Display Applications. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - Automotive’UI16, 185–192.
14.
SmithM.GabbardJ. L.ConleyC. (2016b). Head-Up vs. Head-Down Displays. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications - Automotive’UI 16, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005419
