Alternative 2D and 3D Visualization Methods for Microsurgery

Abstract

The use of minimally invasive surgeries, like laparoscopy and microsurgery, is increasing due to its benefits to the patient; however, the equipment necessary for the surgeries imposes postural constraints on the surgeons and increases their risk for discomfort and injuries. In microsurgery, the microscope limits surgeon movement and the long length of the surgeries exposes surgeons to prolonged sustained postures. Stereoscopic displays may reduce these constraints and maintain surgeon performance. Six subjects with no surgical experience performed microsurgical skills tests using three visualization methods: 2D visualization, 3D visualization, and the traditional microscope. Task performance was measured through video analysis and subjective data was gathered on discomfort, posture, and equipment usability. Tasks performed on the microscopes had the highest performance efficiency and the least errors. The 3D visualization method had the lowest performance efficiency. However, subjects experienced higher back and neck discomfort using the microscopes. The 3D visualization method was ranked poorly in all usability factors and subjects particularly reported problems with focusing the depth of view. Although 3D visualization methods can provide stereoscopic information to aid in task performance and decrease postural constraints on the surgeon, hardware improvements are necessary before this technology can be easily accessible in healthcare.