The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern and magnitude of navicular bone (NB) movement during walking as well as the relationship between dynamic NB and rearfoot movement. The angle of rearfoot and displacement of the NB was recorded in 106 subjects using the 6D Research electromagnetic tracking system. The relative change in the height of the NB between foot flat and heel-off was 7.9 mm. The NB seems to undergo significant vertical as well as medial displacement during the stance phase of normal walking. This motion is also correlated with rearfoot motion during walking.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
. BrodyD.M.: Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner. Orthop. Clin. North Am., 13: 541–558, 1982.
2.
. CornwallM.W.McPoilT.G.: Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional rearfoot motion during walking. Clin. Biomech., 10: 36–40, 1995.
3.
. CornwallM.W.McPoilT.G.: Footwear and foot orthotic effectiveness research: a new approach. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 21: 337–344, 1995.
4.
. EngsbergJ.R.AndrewsJ.G.: Kinematic analysis of the talocalcaneal/talocrural joint during running support. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 19: 275–284, 1987.
5.
. GroodE.S.SuntayW.J.: A joint co-ordinate system for clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J. Biomed. Engr., 105: 136–144, 1983.
6.
. HusonA.: Functional anatomy of the foot. InJahssM.H. (ed.), Disorders of the Foot Ankle: Medical and Surgical Management. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 409–431.
7.
. InmanV.T.MannR.A.: Stability of the Foot During the Stance Phase of Walking. Scritti medici in onore di P. Del Torto, 1965, pp. 107–116.
8.
. InmanV.T.RalstonH.J.ToddF.: Human Walking. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1981.
9.
. LandisJ.R.KochG.G.: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33: 159–174, 1977.
10.
. MannR.A.: Overview of foot and ankle biomechanics. InJahssM.H. (ed.), Disorders of the Foot and Ankle. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1991, pp. 385–408.
11.
. MannonK.AndersonT.CheethamP.CornwallM.W.McPoilT.G.: A comparison of two motion analysis systems for the measurement of two-dimensional rearfoot motion during walking. Foot Ankle Int., 18: 427–431, 1997.
12.
. McPoilT.CornwallM.W.: Relationship between neutral subtalar joint position and pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. Foot Ankle Int., 15: 141–145, 1994.
13.
. McPoilT.G.CornwallM.W.: Relationship between three static angles of the rearfoot and the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 23: 370–375, 1996.
14.
. MuellerM.J.HostJ.V.NortonB.J.: Navicular drop as a composite measure of excessive pronation. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 83: 198–202, 1993.
15.
. PiccianoA.M.RowlandsM.S.WorrellT.: Reliability of open and closed kinetic chain subtalar joint neutral positions and navicular drop test. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 18: 553–558, 1993.
16.
. RothsteinR.M.: Measurement and clinical practice: theory and application. InRothsteinR.M. (ed.), Measurement in Physical Therapy. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1985, pp. 1–46.
17.
. SellK.E.VerityT.M.WorrellT.PeaseB.J.WigglesworthJ.: Two measurement techniques for assessing subtalar joint position: a reliability study. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 19: 162–167, 1994.
