The histochemical composition of the triceps surae muscle was investigated in 13 previously unoperated children (age 9–24 months) with unilateral idiopathic clubfoot. On both the normal and the affected side, the percentage of type I fibers was significantly higher than that of the other fiber types. The muscle biopsies from the clubfoot side showed an increase in their connective tissue content. The affected side showed a nonsignificant higher percentage of type I fibers, whereas the average capillary density and capillary to fiber ratio were significantly lower.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
. AndersenP.: Capillary density in skeletal muscle of man. Acta Physiol. Scand., 95:203–205, 1975.
2.
. AndersenP.HenrikssonJ.: Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man. Adaptive response to exercise. J. Physiol., 270:677–690, 1977.
3.
. AstrandP.O.RodhalK.: Textbook of Work Physiology. New York, MacGraw and Hill, pp. 34–49, 1986.
4.
. BechtolC.O.MossmanH.W.: Club-foot. An embryological study of associated muscle abnormalities. J. Bone Joint Surg., 32A:827–838, 1950.
5.
. BergstromJ.: Muscle electrolytes in man determined by neutron activation analysis on needle biopsy specimen: a study in normal subjects. Scand. J. Clin. Invest. (Suppl. 68)1–110, 1962.
6.
. BlomstrandE.EkblomB.: The needle biopsy technique for fibre type determination in human skeletal muscle. A methodological study. Acta Physiol. Scand., 116:437–442, 1982.
7.
. BrookeH.M.EngleK.W.: The histographic analysis of human muscle biopsies with regard to fiber types. 4. Children's biopsies. Neurology, 19:591–605, 1969.
8.
. BrookeM.KaiserK.K.: Some comments on the histochemical characterization of muscle adenosine triphosphatase. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 17:431–432, 1969.
9.
. BrookeM.KaiserK.K.: Three “myosin ATPase” system. The nature of their pH lability and sulphydryl dependence. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 18:670–682, 1970.
10.
. DietzF.R.: On the pathogenesis of clubfoot. Lancet, 1:388–390, 1985.
11.
. Di MauroS.TrevisanC.HaysA.: Disorders of lipid metabolism in muscle. Muscle Nerve, 3:369–388, 1980.
12.
. DittrichR.J.: Pathogenesis of congenital club-foot (pes equinovarus). An anatomical study. J. Bone Joint Surg., 12:379–399, 1930.
13.
. DubowitzV.BrookeM.: Muscle Biopsy: A Modern Approach. London, W. B. Saunders, pp. 44–51, 1973.
14.
. EdstromL.: Selective atrophy of red muscle fibres in the quadriceps in long standing knee-joint dysfunction. J. Neurol. Sci., 11:551–558, 1970.
15.
. EdstromL.EkblomB.: Differences in size of red and white muscle fibres in vastus lateralis of musculus quadriceps femoris of normal individuals and athletes. Relation to physical performance. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 30:175–181, 1972.
16.
. EngelW.: The essentiality of histo- and cyto-chemical studies of skeletal muscles in the investigation of neuromuscular disease. Neurology, 12:778–794, 1962.
17.
. ErikssonB.O.FribergL.G.HansonE.MellgrenG.: Muscle substrate levels, muscle enzyme activities and muscle morphology in the vastus lateralis and deltoid muscles in normal children and children with coartaction of the aorta. Acta Paediatr. Scand., 72:843–847, 1983.
18.
. FlinchumD.: Pathological anatomy in talipes equinovarus. J. Bone Joint Surg., 35A:111–114, 1953.
19.
. GrayD.H.KatzJ.M.: A histochemical study of muscle in club foot. J. Bone Joint Surg., 63B:417–423, 1981.
20.
. HandlesmanJ.E.BadalamenteM.A.: Neuromuscular studies in clubfoot. J. Pediatr. Orthop., 1:23–32, 1981.
21.
. HandlesmanJ.E.BadalamenteM.A.: Club foot: a neuromuscular diseases. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol., 24:3–12, 1982.
22.
. HenrikssonJ.: Human Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Physical Activity. Thesis. Stockholm, pp. 1–53, 1976.
. LonasescuV.MaynardJ.A.PonsetiI.V.ZellwegerH.: The role of collagen in the pathogenesis of idiopathic clubfoot. Helv. Paediatr. Acta, 29:305–314, 1974.
25.
. IppolitoE.PonsetiI.V.: Congenital club foot in the human fetus. A histological study. J. Bone Joint Surg., 62A:8–22, 1980.
26.
. IraniR.N.ShermanM.S.: The pathological anatomy of club foot. J. Bone Joint Surg., 45A:45–52, 1963.
27.
. IsaacsH.HandelsmanJ.E.BadenhorstM.PickeringA.: The muscles in clubfoot: a histological, histochemical and electron microscopic study. J. Bone Joint Surg., 59B:465–472, 1977.
28.
. KeensT.G.BryanA.C.LevisonH.LanuzzoC.D.: Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilatory muscles. J. Appl. Physiol., 44:909–913, 1978.
29.
. LelandW.: Systat: The System for Statistics. Evanston, IL, SYSTAT Inc., pp. 1–959, 1988.
30.
. LindboeC.F.PlatouC.S.: Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscle. Acta Neuropathol., 52:241–244, 1982.
31.
. LundbergA.ErikssonB.O.MellgrenG.: Metabolic substrates, muscle fibre composition and fibre size in late walkers and normal children. Eur. J. Pediatr., 130:79–92, 1979.
32.
. MaffulliN.CapassoG.AuzinoG.: The needle muscle biopsy. Technique and methods. Ital. J. Sports Traumatol., 9:1–7, 1987.
33.
. MendenhallW.: Introduction to linear models and the design and analysis of experiments. Belmont, CA, Duxbury Press, pp. 204–205, 1968.
34.
. NovikoffA.B.ShinW.DrucknerJ.: Mitochondrial localization of oxidation enzymes. Staining results with two tetrazolium salts. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 9:47–61, 1961.
35.
. PadykulaH.A.HermanE.: The specificity of the histochemical method for adenosine triphosphatase. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 3:170–195, 1955.
36.
. PonsetiI.V.CamposJ.: Observations on pathogenesis and treatment of congenital clubfoot. Clin. Orthop., 84:50–60, 1972.
37.
. SargeantA.J.DaviesC.T.M.EdwardsR.H.T.: Functional and structural changes after disuse of human muscle. Clin. Sci., 52:337–342, 1977.
38.
. SchantzP.G.: Plasticity of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand., 128:(Suppl. 558)1–62, 1986.
39.
. SircaA.ErzenI.PecakF.: Histochemistry of abductor hallucis muscle in children with idiopathic clubfoot and in controls. J. Pediatr. Orthop., 10:477–482, 1990.
40.
. SwashM.SchwartzM.S.: Biopsy pathology of muscle. London, Chapman & Hall, pp. 370–382, 1984.
41.
. VoglerC.BoveK.E.: Morphology of skeletal muscle in children. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 109:238–242, 1985.
42.
. WaisbrodH.: Congenital club foot. An anatomical study. J. Bone Joint Surg., 55B:796–801, 1973.
