AmendolaAWilliamsGFosterD.Evidence-based approach to treatment of acute traumatic syndesmosis (high ankle) sprains. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006;14(4):232-236.
2.
van den BekeromMPJHogervorstMBolhuisHWvan DijkCN.Operative aspects of the syndesmotic screw: review of current concepts. Injury. 2008;39(4):491-498.
3.
van den BekeromMPJLammeBHogervorstMBolhuisHW.Which ankle fractures require syndesmotic stabilization?J Foot Ankle Surg. 2007;46(6):456-463.
4.
van den BekeromMPJMutsaertsELARDijkCN.Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(2):227-235.
5.
BellDPWongMK.Syndesmotic screw fixation in Weber C ankle injuries—should the screw be removed before weight bearing?Injury. 2006;37(9):891-898.
6.
BeumerACampoMMNiesingRDayJKleinrensinkGJSwierstraBA.Screw fixation of the syndesmosis: a cadaver model comparing stainless steel and titanium screws and three and four cortical fixation. Injury. 2005;36(1):60-64.
7.
BeumerAValstarEGarlingEet al. Effects of ligament sectioning on the kinematics of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: a radiostereometric study of 10 cadaveric specimens based on presumed trauma mechanisms with suggestions for treatment. Acta Orthop. 2006;77(3):531-540.
8.
CarrJBIWernerBCYarboroSR. An update on management of syndesmosis injury: a National US Database Study. 2016, December.
9.
de CésarPCAvilaEMde AbreuMR.Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging to physical examination for syndesmotic injury after lateral ankle sprain. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(12):1110-1114.
10.
ChanKLuiT.Role of ankle arthroscopy in management of acute ankle fracture. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(11):2373-2380.
11.
ClantonTOWhitlowSRWilliamsBTet al. Biomechanical comparison of 3 current ankle syndesmosis repair techniques. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(2):200-207.
12.
ClantonTOWilliamsBTBackusJDet al. Biomechanical analysis of the individual ligament contributions to syndesmotic stability. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(1):66-75.
13.
DarwishHHGlissonRRDeOrioJK.Compression screw fixation of the syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(10):893-899.
14.
van DijkCNLongoUGLoppiniMet al. Conservative and surgical management of acute isolated syndesmotic injuries: ESSKA-AFAS consensus and guidelines. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24(4):1217-1227.
15.
DikosGDHeislerJChoplinRHWeberTG.Normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis on axial CT imaging. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(7):433-438.
16.
DingemansSARammeltSWhiteTOGoslingsJCSchepersT.Should syndesmotic screws be removed after surgical fixation of unstable ankle fractures? a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2016;98(11):1497-1504.
17.
Drijfhout van HooffCCVerhageSMHoogendoornJM.Influence of fragment size and postoperative joint congruency on long-term outcome of posterior malleolar fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(6):673-678.
18.
EbraheimNATaserFShafiqQYeastingRA.Anatomical evaluation and clinical importance of the tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28(2):142-149.
19.
EbramzadehEKnutsenARSangiorgioSNBrambilaMHarrisTG.Biomechanical comparison of syndesmotic injury fixation methods using a cadaveric model. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(12):1710-1717.
20.
FallatLGrimmDJSaraccoJA.Sprained ankle syndrome: prevalence and analysis of 639 acute injuries. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37(4):280-285.
21.
FeminoJEVaseenonTPhistkulPet al. Varus external rotation stress test for radiographic detection of deep deltoid ligament disruption with and without syndesmotic disruption. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(2):251-260.
22.
FrankeJVon RecumJSudaAJGrütznerPAWendlK.Intraoperative three-dimensional imaging in the treatment of acute unstable syndesmotic injuries. J Bone Joint Surg. 2012;94(15):1386-1390.
GardnerMJDemetrakopoulosDBriggsSMHelfetDLLorichDG.Malreduction of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(10):788-792.
25.
GennisEKoenigSRodericksDOtlansPTornettaP.The fate of the fixed syndesmosis over time. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(10):1202-1208.
26.
GerberJWilliamsGScovilleCArcieroRTaylorD.Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(10):653-660.
27.
HansenMLeLWertheimerSMeyerEHautR. Syndesmosis fixation: analysis of shear stress via axial load on 3.5-mm and 4.5-mm quadricortical syndesmotic screws. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006;45(2):65-69.
28.
HaraguchiNArmigerRS.A new interpretation of the mechanism of ankle fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(4):821-829.
29.
HeimDSchmidlinVZivielloO.Do type B malleolar fractures need a positioning screw?Injury. 2002;33(8):729-734.
30.
HermansJWentinkNBeumerAet al. Correlation between radiological assessment of acute ankle fractures and syndesmotic injury on MRI. Skelet Radiol. 2012;41:787-801.
31.
HøinessPStrømsøeK.Tricortical versus quadricortical syndesmosis fixation in ankle fractures: a prospective, randomized study comparing two methods of syndesmosis fixation. J Orthop Trauma. 2004;18(6):331-337.
32.
HuntKJGeorgeEHarrisAHSDragooJL.Epidemiology of syndesmosis injuries in intercollegiate football: incidence and risk factors from National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System Data from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23(4):278-282.
33.
HuntKJPhisitkulPPiroloJAmendolaA.High ankle sprains and syndesmotic injuries in athletes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(11):661-673.
34.
KaplanLDJostPWHonkampNNorwigJWestRBradleyJP.Incidence and variance of foot and ankle injuries in elite college football players. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2011;40(1):40-44.
35.
KoenigSJTornettaPMerlinGet al. Can we tell if the syndesmosis is reduced using fluoroscopy?J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29(9):e326-e330.
36.
KortekangasTSavolaOFlinkkiläTet al. A prospective randomised study comparing TightRope and syndesmotic screw fixation for accuracy and maintenance of syndesmotic reduction assessed with bilateral computed tomography. Injury. 2015;46(6):1119-1126.
37.
LeBaT-BGugalaZMorrisRPPanchbhaviVK.Gravity versus manual external rotation stress view in evaluating ankle stability. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015;8(3):175-179.
38.
LuiTIpKChowH.Comparison of radiologic and arthroscopic diagnoses of distal tibiofibular syndesmosis disruption in acute ankle fracture. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(11):1370.
39.
MarmorMHansenEHanHBuckleyJMatityahuA.Limitations of standard fluoroscopy in detecting rotational malreduction of the syndesmosis in an ankle fracture model. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(6):616-622.
40.
MatsonAPHamidKSAdamsSB.Predictors of time to union after operative fixation of closed ankle fractures. Foot Ankle Spec. 2017;10(4):308-314.
41.
McBrydeAChiassonBWilhelmADonovanFRayTBacillaP.Syndesmotic screw placement: a biomechanical analysis. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18(5):262-266.
42.
McKeonKEWrightRWJohnsonJEMcCormickJJKleinSE.Vascular anatomy of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(10):931-938.
43.
MetitiriOGhorbanhoseiniMZurakowskiDHochmanMNazarianAKwonJ.Accuracy and measurement error of the medial clear space of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(4):443-451.
44.
MillerANCarrollEAParkerRJHelfetDLLorichDG.Posterior malleolar stabilization of syndesmotic injuries is equivalent to screw fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(4):1129-1135.
45.
MillerTLSkalakT.Evaluation and treatment recommendations for acute injuries to the ankle syndesmosis without associated fracture. Sports Med. 2014;44(2):179-188.
46.
MooreJAJrShankJRMorganSJSmithWR.Syndesmosis fixation: a comparison of three and four cortices of screw fixation without hardware removal. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(8):567-572.
47.
NaqviGAShafqatAAwanN.Tightrope fixation of ankle syndesmosis injuries: clinical outcome, complications and technique modification. Injury. 2012;43(6):838-842.
48.
NussbaumEDHoseaTMSielerSDIncremonaBRKesslerDE.Prospective evaluation of syndesmotic ankle sprains without diastasis. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(1):31-35.
49.
PhisitkulPEbingerTGoetzJVaseenonTMarshJL.Forceps reduction of the syndesmosis in rotational ankle fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:2256-2261.
50.
SamraDJSmanADRaeKLinklaterJRefshaugeKMHillerCE.Effectiveness of a single platelet-rich plasma injection to promote recovery in rugby players with ankle syndesmosis injury. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2015;1(1):e000033.
51.
SchepersT.To retain or remove the syndesmotic screw: a review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(7):879-883.
52.
SchnetzkeMVetterSYBeisemannNSwartmanBGrütznerPAFrankeJ.Management of syndesmotic injuries: what is the evidence?World J Orthop. 2016;7(11):718.
53.
SchonJMikulaJBackusJet al. 3D model analysis of ankle flexion on anatomic reduction of a syndesmotic injury. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38(4):436-442.
54.
SchottelPCBaxterJGilbertSGarnerMRLorichDG.Anatomic ligament repair restores ankle and syndesmotic rotational stability as much as syndesmotic screw fixation. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(2):e36-e40.
55.
SchreiberJJMcLawhornASDyCJGoldwynEM.Intraoperative contralateral view for assessing accurate syndesmosis reduction. Orthopedics. 2013;36(5):360-361.
56.
ScrantonPJ. Sprains and soft tissue injuries. In: PfeferG, ed. Chronic Ankle Pain in the Athlete. Rosemont, IL: Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2000:3-20.
57.
SikkaRSFetzerGBSugarmanEet al. Correlating MRI findings with disability in syndesmotic sprains of NFL players. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(5):371-378.
58.
SongDJLanziJTGrothATet al. The effect of syndesmosis screw removal on the reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(6):543-548.
59.
TaylorDCEnglehardtDLBassettFH3rd. Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle. The influence of heterotopic ossification. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20(2):146-150.
60.
TaylorDCTenutaJJUhorchakJMArcieroRA.Aggressive surgical treatment and early return to sports in athletes with grade III syndesmosis sprains. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(11):1833-1838.
61.
TeramotoASuzukiDKamiyaTChikenjiTWatanabeKYamashitaT.Comparison of different fixation methods of the suture-button implant for tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(10):2226-2232.
62.
ThompsonMGesinkD. Biomechanical comparison of syndesmosis fixation with 3.5- and 4.5-millimeter stainless steel screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21(9):736-741.
63.
TornettaP.Competence of the deltoid ligament in bimalleolar ankle fractures after medial malleolar fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(6):843-848.
64.
TornettaPSpooJEReynoldsFALeeC.Overtightening of the ankle syndesmosis: is it really possible?J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(4):489-492.
65.
UysHDRijkeAM.Clinical association of acute lateral ankle sprain with syndesmotic involvement: a stress radiography and magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(6):816-822.
66.
VerhageSMBootFSchipperIBHoogendoornJM.Open reduction and internal fixation of posterior malleolar fractures using the posterolateral approach. Bone Joint J. 2016;98(6):812-817.
67.
WatermanBRBelmontPJCameronKLSvobodaSJAlitzCJOwensBD.Risk factors for syndesmotic and medial ankle sprain: role of sex, sport, and level of competition. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(5):992-998.
68.
WeeningBBhandariM.Predictors of functional outcome following transsyndesmotic screw fixation of ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19(2):102-108.
69.
WilliamsBTAhrberga. BGoldsmithMTet al. Ankle syndesmosis: a qualitative and quantitative anatomic analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(1):88-97.
70.
WolfBRAmendolaA.Syndesmosis injuries in the athlete: when and how to operate. Curr Opin Orthop. 2002;13(2):151-154.
71.
WuestTK.Injuries to the distal lower extremity syndesmosis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997;5(3):172-181.
72.
XenosJSHopkinsonWJMulliganMEOlsonEJPopovicNA.The tibiofibular syndesmosis. Evaluation of the ligamentous structures, methods of fixation, and radiographic assessment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(6):847-856.
73.
ZhanYYanXXiaRChengTLuoC.Anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament anatomical repair and augmentation versus trans-syndesmosis screw fixation for the syndesmotic instability in external-rotation type ankle fracture with posterior malleolus involvement: a prospective and comparative study. Injury. 2016;47(7):1574-1580.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
