At the July 1996 Ministerial Meeting on Sustainable Development, the environment ministers of the Asia Pacific Economic Corporation's (APEC's) 18
members agreed to promote ISO 14000, which involves voluntary action by
industry to establish environmental management systems (EMSs) and to commit
to ongoing improvements in environmental performance. This article analyzes the
potential role of the ISO 14001 EMS and related standards in the context of the
economies of APEC. It summarizes the genesis and content of the standards and
then focuses on aspects that are particularly salient within the APEC context:
performance, information generation, and market access. It concludes that ISO
14001 alone will not necessarily lead to improvement in environmental outcomes
in the region. The final section explores some options for incorporating ISO 14001
as one element of a larger framework for environmental protection, international
cooperation, and sustainable development in APEC.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC). ( 1996, July). APEC ministerial meeting on sustainable development, declaration and action programme (Document No. APEC 96/SD-MIN, Rev. 1. Manila, Philippines: Author.
2.
Bapedal. (n.d.). PROPER PROKASIH, Program for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating [Mimeograph]. Jakarta, Indonesia: BAPEDAL.
3.
Bell, C. (1997). The ISO 14001 environmental management systems standard: One American's view. In C. Sheldon (Ed.), ISO 14000 and beyond (pp. 61-92). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf.
4.
Bell, C., & Connaughton, J. (1993, September 6). New global standards may guide industry on environmental issues. National Law Journal, p. 54.
5.
California Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1996). Draft regulations to be added to Title 27, Div. 1, Chap. 4, Sec. 10400. Sacramento: Author .
6.
Canadian Auditing Association declares plans for auditor certification program. (1996, March). International Environmental Systems Update, p. 11.
7.
Canadian court includes ISO 14001 certification in order. (1996, March). Business and the Environment, p. 2.
8.
Canberra takes action on standards. (1996, July 15). Australian Financial Review, p. 1.
9.
Cascio, J. (1994, April). International environmental management standards: ISO 9000's less tractable siblings. ASTM Standardization News, pp. 44, 47.
10.
Certification or self-declaration: Weighing the options. (1996, May). Business and the Environment, p. 4.
11.
China: East China port city designated "pilot city" for implementing ISO standard . (1997). International Environment Report Current Reports, 20(1), 21.
12.
Chinese government considers ISO 14001 in regulations. (1996 , July). International Environmental Systems Update, 3(7), 22.
13.
Conformity assessment activities for EMS mirror ISO 9000 quality systems approach . (1996, March). International Environmental Systems Update, p. 15.
14.
Davy, A. (1996). Environmental management systems: ISO 14001 issues for developing countries. In C. Sheldon (Ed.), ISO 14000 and beyond (pp. 169-183) Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf.
15.
Establishing a European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) , Council Regulation 1836/93, O.J. (L 168 ( 1993).
16.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). ( 1994). Final act embodying the results of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
17.
Gunningham, N. (1995). Environment, self-regulation, and the chemical industry: Assessing responsible care. Law & Policy, 17
18.
Gunningham, N. (1996, July). From adversarialism to partnership? ISO 14000 and regulation. In ISO 14000: Regulation, trade and environment. Canberra : Australian Centre for Environmental Law .
19.
Hamner, B. (1996). A strategic approach to ISO 14000. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 4(2), 46.
20.
Hulbert, J. L. (1996, July). Environmental management systems: International trade and regional issues . In ISO 14000: Regulation, trade and environment (pp. 4-5). Canberra : Australian Centre for Environmental Law .
21.
Indonesia adopts ISO 14001 as national standard. (1996, December). Business and the Environment's ISO 14000 Update, p. 3.
22.
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). (1997). Global green standards: ISO 14000 and sustainable development. Winnipeg, Canada: Author.
23.
Japan agrees to embrace ISO system of environmental supervision programs. (1994, October 19). International Environmental Reporter—Current Reports, p. 862.
24.
Japan: Environment agency program to encourage small entities, public sector to use ISO 14000. (1996, October 16). International Environmental Reporter—Current Reports, p. 291.
25.
Johnson, P. L. (1993). ISO 9000: Meeting the new international standards. New York: McGraw-Hill.
26.
Kawashima, S. (1995). A survey of environmental law and policy in Japan. North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, 20, 231.
27.
Kurasaka, T. (1996). Attitudes and experiences of the Japanese business community vis-àvis EMS standards . In C. Sheldon (Ed.), ISO 14000 and beyond (pp. 155-168). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf.
28.
Lewis, S. (1995). Precedents for corporate community compacts and good neighbor agreements. Waverly, MA: Good Neighbor Project.
29.
Mapes, J. J. (1996a, August). ISO 14000 in Asia: Taiwan case study. Paper presented at the Conference on Actually Implementing ISO 14000, San Francisco.
30.
Mapes, J. J. (1996b, January). Status of ISO 14000 in the countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations. Washington, DC: ASEAN Environmental Improvement Project.
31.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (1996). Pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs): A tool for environmental policy and sustainable development, guidance manual for governments. Paris: Author.
32.
Proper-ProkasihTeam, Badepal and Predei, World Bank. (1995). What is Proper? Reputational incentives for pollution control in Indonesia. Unpublished manuscript.
33.
Robinson, B. (1996). ISO 14000: Eagle or albatross? In ISO 14000: Regulation, trade and environment. Canberra: Australian Centre for Environmental Law.
34.
Roht-Arriaza, N. (1995). Shifting the point of regulation: The international organization for standardization and global lawmaking on trade and the environment. Ecology Law Quarterly, 22, 479.
35.
Singapore launching program to help SMEs understand requirements of ISO 14000 series. (1996, November 13). International Environmental Reporter—Current Reports, p. 23.
36.
Thurston, C. W. (1994). Quality is a global affair: Worldwide adoption of International Organization for Standardization Program, Quality '94. Chem. Marketing Reports , 246, SR-10.
37.
Two decisions officially recognize ISO 14001 as covering majority of EMAS rule. (1997, May 14). International Environmental Reporter—Current Reports, p. 467.
38.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (1996). ISO 14001: International environmental management systems standards: Five key questions for developing country officials. [Draft for comment.]Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
39.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (1996, February). Trade implications of international standards for quality and environmental management systems: Survey results . Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
40.
United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (U.S.-AEP). (1996a). Country assessment: Indonesia. Washington, DC: Author.
41.
United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (U.S.-AEP). (1997b). Country assessment: Malaysia. Washington, DC: Author.
42.
United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (U.S.-AEP). (1996c). Country assessment: Singapore. Washington, DC: Author.
43.
United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (U.S.-AEP). (1996d). Country assessment: Taiwan. Washington, DC: Author.
44.
United States-Asia Environmental Partnership (U.S.-AEP). (1996e). Country assessment: Thailand. Washington, DC: Author.
Wheeler, D., Hettige, H. , Martin, P., & Singh, M. (1994). The industrial pollution projection system [On-line]. Available: http:///www.worldbankorg/html/prdei/ipps/ipphome.html
48.
Zarsky, L. (1996). APEC and the environment: Guiding principles, innovative strategies. Berkeley, CA: Nautilus Institute.
