Fishing down the food chain is a controversial issue that demands further exploration. Redfeed is a marine species located on the second to last level on the food web. It is also one of the potential saviors of the aquaculture industry. The role of effective management of this species is of utmost importance to avoid the potential catastrophe associated with its overharvesting. Using a calculation of behavioral effectiveness, a blueprint redfeed regime is compared with the Convention for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), an ecosystem-based management regime with the now famous krill as its key species. Though the regimes are similar in nature, their geopolitical differences suggest that a future redfeed regime will be effective even though CCAMLR has not been. Ensuring that the redfeed is not merely incorporated into existing regimes, but is treated separately in an ecosystem-based regime, will alleviate the interplay this future redfeed regime otherwise would encounter.
Andersen, R. ( 2002). "The Time Dimension in International Regime Interplay ." Global Environmental Politics2 (3): 98-117.
2.
Andersen, S. ( 2002). The Convention for the Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR): Improving Procedures but Lacking Results. Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence. E. L. Miles, A. Underdal, S. Andersenet al. Cambridge, Massachusetts , MIT Press.
3.
Bailey, J. ( 2007). Fishing Down the Marine Food Web of the High North Atlantic. Application for Funding submitted to NFR 6 June 2007.
4.
Breitmeier, H., O.R. Young, et al. (2006). Analyzing International Environmental Regimes: From Case Study to Database. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
5.
Broms, C., W. Melle, et al. (2008). "Oceanic distribution and life cycle of Calanus species in the Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters " Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography56(21-22): 1910-1921.
6.
Calanus Project Description (2001). Exploitation of Zooplankton as Bio-Resource for Fish Feed and Industrial Raw Material-A Complete Value Chain Evaluation (NFR project no.: 1431184/140) . Trondheim, NTNU.
7.
Ccamlr."TEXT OF THE CCAMLR SYSTEM OF INSPECTION." from http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/e_pubs/bd/pt9.pdf .
8.
Ccamlr (2001). CCAMLR’s Management of the Antarctic. Hobart, Australia, CCAMLR.
9.
Ccamlr (2006). Basic Documents . North Hobart, www.ccamlr.org .
Fabra, A. and V. Gascón ( 2008). "The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and the Ecosystem Approach." The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law23(3): 567-598(32).
14.
Falkenhaug, T. and L. Omli ( 2009). 3.3.2 Sekundærproduksjon (dyreplankton). Havets ressurser og miljø 2009: Fisken og Havet, sœrnummer 1-2009 . H. Gjøsæter , A. Dommasnes, T. Falkenhauget al, Havforskningsinstituttet : 71-76.
15.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department ( 2007). State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. F. a. A. O. o. t. U. Nation. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
16.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture department ( 2009). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008. FAO. Rome.
17.
Fisheries Research Services (2005). Zooplankton and climate change-The Calanus story.
18.
Fiskeri- og Kystdepartementet 11. (2007). "Enighet om norsk-russisk kvoteavtale for 2007: norsk delegasjonsliste ." 2007, from http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/fkd/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2006/Enighet-om-norsk-russisk-kvoteavtale-for-2007.html?id=424374 .
19.
Fiskeri- og Kystdepartementet 17 (2007). St.mld. nr. 32: Om dei fiskeriavtalane Noreg har inngått med andre land for 2007 og fisket etter avtalane i 2005 og 2006.
20.
Fiskeri- og Kystdepartementet (2009). "’St.Mld. Nr. 45: Om Dei Fiskeriavtalane Noreg Har Inngått Med Andre Land for 2009 Og Fisket Etter Avtalane I 2007 Og 2008’."
21.
Fiskeridirektøren ( 2006). J-68-2006: Forskrift om forbud mot å fiske raudåte, krill og andre dyreplankton. Gyldig fra 22.03.2006. Fiskeridirektoratet .
22.
Hasenclever, A., P. Mayer, et al. (2000). "Integrating theories of international regimes." Review of International Studies26: 3-33.
23.
Havforskningsinstituttet ( 2007). Fisken og havet, særnr. 1-2007. Havets ressurser og miljø 2007. M. Skogen, H. Gjøsæter, R. Toresen and Y. Robberstad.
24.
Havforskningstema (2006). Høsting av plankton-utfordringer for forskning og forvaltning. Fakta-ark. . Havforskningsinstituttet.
25.
Havforskningstema (2006 nr. 1 ). Høsting av plankton-utfordringer for forskning og forvaltning. Fakta-ark. Havforskningsinstituttet.
26.
Helm, C. and D. Sprinz ( 2000). "Measuring the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes." Journal of Conflict Resolution44(5): 630-652.
27.
Hoel, A.H. ( 2006). The Allocation of Scarce Natural Resources: The Case of Fisheries. ISA. San Diego, CA .
28.
Hovi, J., D.F. Sprinz, et al. (2003). "The Oslo-Potsdam Solution to Measuring Regime Effectiveness: Critique, Response, and hte Road Ahead." Global Environmental Politics3(3): 74-96.
29.
Hynes, N., E.S. Egeland, et al. (2009). "Calanus oil as a natural source for flesh pigmentation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)."Aquaculture Nutrition15(2): 202-208.
30.
Jongman, R.H.H., ter Braak, C.J.F., Tongeren, O.F.R., 2000. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 299pp.
31.
Keohane, R.O., P.M. Haas, et al. (1993). The Effectiveness of International Environmental Institutions. Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection. R. O. Keohane, P. M. Haas and M. A. Levy, MIT Press.
32.
Knutsen, T. and P. Dalpadado ( 2009). 1.3.4 Sekundærproduksjon (dyreplankton). Havets ressurser og miljø 2009: Fisken og havet sœrnummer 1-2009 . H. Gjøsæter , A. Dommasnes, T. Falkenhauget al, Havforskningsinstituttet: 32-36.
33.
Krasner, S.D. ( 1983). Structural Causes and Regime Consequences. Regimes as Intervening Variables. Internatioanl Regimes. S. Krasner. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press: 1-21.
34.
Kwasniewski, S., H. Hop, et al. (2003). "Distribution of Calanus species in Kongsfjorden, a glacial fjord in Svalbard." JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH25(1): 1-20.
35.
Kütting, G. ( 2000). Environment, Society and International Relations: Towards more effective international environmental agreements. London, Routledge.
36.
Lerbukt, G.M. and J.P. Groenhof ( 2006). Elite Interview: Department of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. Oslo.
37.
Melle, W., B. Ellertsen, et al. (2004). Zooplankton: The link to higher trophic leves. The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem. H.R. Skjoldal.Trondheim , Tapir Academic Press.
38.
Melle, W. and R.E. Olsen ( 2002). Fôrmangel truer veksten i fiskeoppdrett. Kan høsting av plankton løse problemet? . Havets Miljø 2002. Fisken og Havet, sœrnr. 2-2002. J.H. Fosså, Havforskningsinstituttet : 121-125.
39.
Naylor et al. (2000). "Effects of Aquaculture on World Fish Supplies." Nature (405): 1017-1024.
40.
Neafc. (2007). "NEAFC homepage ." from http://www.neafc.org/.
41.
Nicol, S. and Y. Endo ( 1999). "Krill Fisheries: Development, management and ecosystem implications." Aquatic Living Resources12(2): 105-120.
42.
NTB . (2006). "Mindre mat gir mindre fisk i Nordsjøen." Retrieved 14.12, 2006, from http://www.dn.no/forsiden/naringsliv/article759982.ece .
43.
Oberthür, D.S., S. Müller, et al. (2002). Participation of Non-Governmental Organisations in International Environmental Governance: Legal Basis and Practical Experience .
44.
Olsen, K.E. ( 2007). Røkke og Ervik vinner krillkampen. Fiskaren.
45.
Olsen, R.E., M. Moren, et al. (2006). 3.1 Kan plankton brukes som fiskefôr? Kyst og havbruk 2006. Fisken og havet, sœrnr.2-2006. T. Svåsand, K. Boxaspen, E. Dahl and L.L. Jørgensen, Havforskingsinstituttet.
46.
Olsen, Y., Ed. (2002). MARICULT Research Programme: background, status and main conclusions. Developments in Hydrobiology-Sustainable Increase of Marine Harvesting: Fundamental Mechanisms and New Concepts. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Parkes, G. ( 2000). "Precautionary Fisheries Management: the CCAMLR approach ." Marine Policy24(2): 83-91.
49.
Pauly, D., V. Christensen, et al. (1998). "Fishing down marine food webs." Science279(5352): 860-863.
50.
Regjeringen Stoltenberg II. (2005). "Plattform for regjeringssamarbeidet mellom Arbeiderpartiet, Sosialistisk Venstreparti og Senterpartiet 2005-09." Retrieved 12.03., 2007 , from http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/kilde/smk/rap/2005/0001/ddd/pdfv/260512-regjeringsplatform.pdf .
51.
Rønning, A. ( 2007). Røkkes krill på børs. Fiskaren.
52.
Saltnes, T. ( 2002). "Havets Grøde." Retrieved 12.10, 2005, from http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2002/oktober/1033460172.04 .
53.
Slagstad, D. ( 2005). Computer Simulations of Calanus’ locations at different seasons and stages. R.G. Haug.Trondheim.
54.
Slagstad, D. and K. Tande ( 2005). Overwintering dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus in the eastern Norwegian Sea. Model simulations. GLOBEC Symposium . Victoria, Canada.
55.
Stokke, O. S., Ed. (2007). Examining the Consequences of Arctic Institutions. International Cooperation and Arctic Governance: Regime effectiveness and Northern region building. London, Routledge.
56.
Strategic Programme Description (2001). Exploitation of zooplankton as bio-resource ("Calanus"). NFR Project no.: 143184/140, NFR.
57.
Sundby, S. ( 2006). Climate change and the resilience of marine ecosystems to fishing. Bergen, The Conference on Implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Bergen, 26 September 2006.
58.
Tacon, A.G.J., M.R. Hasan, et al. (2006). Use of Fishery Resources as Feed Inputs to Aquaculture Development: Trends and Policy Implications FAO Fisheries Department . FAO Fisheries Circular No. 1018, FIRI/C1018 (En): 114.
59.
Tiller, R. ( 2008). "The Norwegian System and the Distribution of Claims to Redfeed." Marine Policy32(6): 928-940.
60.
Tokle, N.E. ( 2006). Are the ubiquitous marine copepods limited by food or predation? Experimental and field-based studies with main focus on Calanus finmarchicusBiology. Trondheim , NTNU. Doctoral.
61.
UNCLOS EEZ Section V (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations .
62.
Wiser, G.M. ( 2000). TRANSPARENCY IN 21ST CENTURY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: Options for Public Participation to Enhance Conservation and Management of International Fish Stocks, Center for International Environmental Law, WWF: 52.
63.
Young, O.R. ( 1996). "Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives." Global Governance2(1): 1-24.
64.
Young, O.R. ( 1998). Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance . Ithaka and London , Cornell University Press.
65.
Young, O.R. ( 2001). "Inference and Indices: Evaluating the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes." Global Environmental Politics1(1): 99-121.
66.
Zürn, M. ( 1998). "The Rise of International Environmental Politics: A Review of Current Research." World Politics50(4): 617-649.
67.
Årnes, C.B. ( 2007). Distribution and life cycle of Calanus species in relation to the seasonal phytoplankton development and predator-prey interactions with Norwegian spring spawning herring in the physical setting of the Norwegian Sea ecosystem. Biology. Oslo, University of Oslo. Ph.d.
