I surveyed 28 countries (including seven territories in Australia and nine provinces
in Canada), comparing their most common category of mental illness and the differ
ent treatment approaches to these major categories. There were differences between
respondents but these differences were not necessarily attributable to the level of
socioeconomic development. Methodological issues and programmatic suggestions
are explored with recommendations for future research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ackerman, Nathan W.1960Family Focused Theory of Schizophrenia. In The Out-patient Treatment of Schizophrenia. S.C. Sher and H.R. David , eds, pp. 119-135. New York: Grune and Stratton.
2.
1964Family Therapy in Schizophrenia: Theory and Practice. International Psychiatry Clinic1:929-943.
3.
APA Task Force Report 14. 1978Electro-convulsive Therapy. Washington, D.C.American Psychiatric Association.
4.
Ash, W.E. and J.D. Mahoney.1951The Use of Conditioned Reflex and Antabuse in the Theory of Alcoholism. Journal of Iowa Medical Society41:456-458.
5.
Axel, M.1959Treatment of Schizophrenia in a Day Hospital. International Journal of Social Psychiatry5:174-181.
6.
Ayllon, T. and E. Houghton1962Control of the Behavior of Schizophrenic Patients by Food . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior5:343-352.
7.
Baldessarini, Ross J.1977Schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine297:988-995.
8.
Baskin, David In press Mental Health Systems and Services: A Survey of Twenty-Eight Countries. Behavior Science Research. In press.
9.
Beck, Alan T.1976Cognitive Theory of Emotional Disorder. New York: International University Press .
10.
Block, Marvin A.1964Rehabilitation of the Alcoholic. Journal of American Medical Association188:84-86.
11.
Bruch, Hilde1964Psychotherapy with Schizophrenics. In International Psychiatric Clinics. F.J. Kallman and A. Polatin, eds. pp. 516-540. Boston : Little Brown.
12.
Bychowski, Gustav1952Psychotherapy of Psychosis. New York : Grune and Stratton.
13.
Casriel, D.1960So Fair a House: The Story of Synanon. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
14.
Conte, William R.1962Occupational Therapy in the Psychoses. In Current Psychiatric Therapies. J.H. Masserman , ed. pp. 227-232. New York: Grune and Stratton.
15.
Craft, Michael1958Treatment of Depressive Illness in a Day Hospital . Lancet2:149-151.
16.
Cushman, Paul J.1972Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Narcotic Addiction . New York State Journal of Medicine72:1752-1755.
17.
Davis, John1975Maintenance Therapy in Psychiatry: I Schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry132:1237-1245.
18.
Davis, John M. and W.R. Dunton1946Principles and Practices of Recreational Therapy for the Mentally Ill. New York: Barnes and Noble.
19.
Dobbs, William H.1971Methadone Treatment and Heroin Addiction. Journal of American Medical Association218:1536-1541.
20.
Dole, Vincent P. and Marie Nyswander1966Rehabilitation of Heroin Addicts of the Blockade with Methadone. New York State Journal of Medicine66:2011-2077.
21.
Dupont, A.1979Psychiatric Case Register as a Basis for Estimation and Monitoring of Needs, in Estimating Needs for Mental Health Care. In A Contribution of Epidemiology. H. Hafner , ed. pp. 260-274. Berlin: Springer-Verlag .
22.
Eysenck, Hans J.1960Behavior Therapy and Neurosis. Elmsford : Pergamon.
23.
Fawcett, Mary S.1961Motivating Group Therapy in Narcotic Addicts in a Woman's Prison. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy11:339-346.
24.
Fox, Ruth1952Psychotherapeutics of Alcoholism. In Specialized Techniques in Psychotherapy. G. Bychowski and J. Despert eds. pp. 239-260. New York: Basic Books.
25.
1958Antabuse as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy in Alcoholism. New York State Journal of Medicine57:1540-1544.
26.
Framo, James L.1962The Theory of the Techniques of Family Treatment of Schizophrenia . Family Process1:119-131.
27.
Freedman, Alfred M.1958Drug Therapy in Behavior Disorders. Baltimore: Saunders.
28.
Freud, Sigmund A.1920A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Boni and Liveright.
29.
1924On Psychotherapy. In Collected Papers, Vol. 1. pp. 249. London: Hogarth Press.
30.
1933New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
31.
1949An Outline of Psychoanalysis. pp. 63-64. New York: Norton.
32.
1952Psychoanalysis. In Collected Papers, Vol. 5. pp. 125. London: Hogarth Press.
33.
Fromm-Reichman, Frieda1952Notes on the Development of the Treatment of Schizophrenics by Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. In Specialized Techniques in Psychotherapy. G. Bychowski and J.L. Despert, eds. pp. 159-179. New York: Basic Books.
34.
Gershon, Samuel and Baron Shopsin1973Lithium: Its Role in Psychiatric Research and Treatment . New York: Plenum.
35.
Goldman, Douglas1966Drugs in Treatment of Psychoses: Clinical Studies . In Psychiatric Drugs. P. Solomon, ed. pp. 87-104. New York: Grune and Stratton.
36.
Goleman, Daniel1976 January, Meditation and Consciousness: An Asian Approach to Mental Health. American Journal of Psychotherapy30 (1):41-54.
37.
Goodman, J.A.1962 December, Social Work Services for Alcoholics and their Families. California's Health7:60-66.
38.
Gould, I.1965Specialized Group Techniques with the Narcotic Addict . Paper presented at the Gracie Mansion Conference on Drug Addiction, New York City, February 4.
39.
Grinker, Roy R., Beatrice Werble and Robert C. Dryce1968The Borderline Syndrome. New York: Basic Books.
40.
Haley, Jay1963Strategies of Psychotherapy. New York : Grune and Stratton.
41.
Hansell, Norris and Grant L. Willis1977Outpatient Treatment of Schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry134:1082-1086.
42.
Hartert, Dietrich and Albert N. Browne-Mayers1958The use of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Hydrochloride in Alcoholism. Journal of the American Medical Association106:1982-1984.
43.
1978Health, Education and Welfare, Department of. Task Force on the Report to the President from the President's Commission on Mental Health . Washington, D.C.: D.H.E.W.
44.
Hoffer, Abram1965 May, An Alcoholism Treatment Program - LSD, Malvaria, and Nicotinic Acid. Reprint of the 2nd Conference on the Use of LSD in Psychotherapy, Denver.
45.
Hollingshead, August and Frederick Redlich1959Social Class and Mental Illness . New York: John Wiley.
46.
Hollister, Leo E.1978Drug Therapy: Tricyclic Antidepressants (in two parts)New England Journal of Medicine299:1106-1109; 1168-1172.
47.
Jaffe, Jerome H.1967Cyclazocine in the Treatment of Narcotic Addiction . In Current Psychiatric Therapies. J.H. Masserman, ed. Vol. 7. pp. 147-156. New York: Grune and Stratton.
48.
Jones, Maxwell1957The Treatment of Personality Disorders in a Therapeutic Community. Psychiatry20:211-220.
49.
Kernberg, Otto1968The Treatment of Patients with Borderline Personality Organization . International Journal of Psychoanalysis49:600-619.
50.
1974Borderline Personalities. Bulletin, New York State District Branches, American Psychiatric Association Nos. 1 & 6.
51.
1975Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Aronson.
52.
Killins, C.G. and C.L. Wells1967Group Therapy Alcoholics. In Current Psychiatric Therapies. J.H. Masserman, ed. pp. 315-334. New York: Grune and Stratton.
53.
Kleinman, Arthur and David Mechanic1979Some Observations of Mental Illness and Its Treatment in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease167 (5):267-274.
54.
Kline, Nathan S.1964The Practical Management of Depression. Journal of the American Medical Association190:732-740.
55.
1966 a May, Treatment of Phobic Disorders. Paper presented at the 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association . Atlantic City, New Jersey.
56.
1966 b Drugs in the Treatment of Depression: Clinical Studies. In Psychiatric Drugs. P. Solomon, ed. pp. 150-176. New York: Grune and Stratton.
57.
Kris, Else B.1959Intensive Short-Term Therapy in a Day Care Facility for Control of Recurrent Psychotic Symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry115:1027.
58.
Kurland, Albert A., C. Savage and W.N. Pahnke1971LSD in the Treatment of Alcoholics. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakolog (Stuttg) 4 (2):1-15.
59.
Lander, J. and R. Schulman1960The Impact of the Therapeutic Milieu on the Disturbed Personality . Casework4: 227-234.
60.
Lennard, Henry L., Leon J. Epstein and Mitchell S. Rosenthal1972The Methadone Illusion. Science176:881-884.
61.
May, Philip R.A.1968Treatment of Schizophrenia. New York : Science House.
62.
Mellinger, Glen D.1978Psychiatric Distress, Life Crisis and Use of Psychotherapeutic Medication - National House Survey Data. Archives of General Psychiatry35:1045-1052.
63.
Minuchin, Salvador1974Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
64.
Nelson, Mary and David Baskin1980A Closer Look at Mental Illness in Minority Women . Presented at the 1980 Annual Conference of the American Public Health Association, Detroit, Michigan.
65.
National Institute of Mental Health1975Distribution of Admissions to Outpatient Psychiatric Services - Unpublished data. Division of Biometry and Epidemiology. Rockville, Maryland.
66.
1977Mental Health Statistical Note No. 138:9-10. Rockville, Maryland.
67.
1978Provisional Data on Federally-Funded Community Mental Health Centers, 1976-1977. Division of Biometry and Epidemiology , Rockville, Maryland.
68.
Oettinger, Leon1958Use of Deanol in Treatment of Disorders of Behavior in ChildrenJournal of Pediatrics53:671-675.
69.
Rachman, Stanley and J. Teasdale1969Aversion Therapy and Behavior Disorders. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press.
70.
Raskin, Herbert A.1964Rehabilitation of the Narcotic Addict. Journal of the American Medical Association189:956-958.
71.
Sartorius, N. and A. Jablensky1976Transcultural Studies of Schizophrenia, W.H.O. Chronicle30:481-485.
72.
Sethi, B.B., S.C. Gupta and N. Lal1977The Therapy and Practice of Psychiatry in India . American Journal of Psychotherapy31 (1):43-65.
73.
Vasconcellow, John and Albert A. Kurland1958Use of Sustained-release Chlorpromazine in the Management of Hospitalized Chronic Psychotic Patients. Disease of the Nervous System19 (4):173-187.
74.
Vischi, Thomas R., Kenneth R. Jones, Ella L. Shank and Lowell H. Lima1980The Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Data Book: A Reference Book of National Data on Incidence and Prevalence, Facilities, Services Utilization, Practitioners, Cost and Financing. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
75.
Voegtlin, W.1940Conditional Reflex Therapy of Alcoholic Addiction, III, An Elevation of Present Results in the Light of Previous Experience with this Method. Quarterly Journal Study of Alcoholism1:501-516.
76.
Walker, Robert G. and Francis E. Kelley1960Short-term Psychotherapy with Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavia35:34-56.
77.
Walter, C.J.S., Nita Mitchell-Heggs and William Sargant1972Modified Narcosis, ECT and Antidepressant Drugs: A Review of Technique and Immediate Outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry120:651-662.
78.
Walter, W. Grey1966Electrophysiologic Contributions to Psychiatric Therapy . In Current Psychiatric Therapies. J.H. Masserman , ed. Vol. 6. pp. 13-25. New York: Grune and Stratton.
79.
Wender, Louis1936a Dynamics of Group Psychotherapy and its Application . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases84:54-60.
80.
1936b The Psychodynamics of Group Psychotherapy. Journal of Hillside Hospital12: 134-139.
81.
1940Group Psychotherapy: A Study of its Application. Psychiatric Quarterly14:708-718.
82.
Wenkart, A.1972Existential Psychotherapy: Its Theory and Practice . Nutley, N.J.: Roche Laboratories .
83.
Wharton, R.N. and Ronald R. Fieve1966The Use of Lithium Carbonate in the Psychoses. Paper presented at the 122nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Atlantic City, New Jersey.
84.
Will, O.A.1970The Psychotherapeutic Center and Schizophrenia. In The Schizophrenic Reactions. Robert Cancron, edNew York: Brunner/Mazel .
85.
Wilson, T.G.1976Behavioral Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. Cassette Tape T29, Bio-monitoring Applications, New York .
86.
Wittkower, E.D. and John La Tendresse1955Rehabilitation of Chronic Schizophrenics by a New Method of Occupational Therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology28:42.
87.
Wolberg, Louis R.1957Hypnosis in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. In Progress in Psychotherapy, Vol. 2. J.H. Masserman and J.L. Moreno , eds. pp. 282-331. New York: Grune and Stratton.
88.
Wolf, Montrose, Todd Risley and Hayden Mees1964Application of Operant Conditioning Procedures to the Behavior Problems of an Autistic Child. Behavior Research and Therapy1:305-312.
89.
Wolpe, Joseph1961The Systematic Desensitization Treatment of Neurosis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases132:180-203.
90.
Wortis, Rochelle P.1960Music Therapy for the Mentally Ill. Journal of General Psychology62:311-318.
91.
Yalom, Irwin D.1975The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. 2nd ed. pp. 83. New York: Basic Books.
