Adult male participation in infant socialization in nonindustrialized societies is pos itively correlated with a high ratio of intra- to intergroup competition. Raised thresholds for male aggression and the heightened intra-societal cohesion and cooperation induced by such male caretaking of young is thought to result from hormonally mediated processes, and is selected for in ecologies of low population density or geographic isolation. The more widespread and successful male reproductive strategy based on polygyny and in tergroup warfare would be dysfunctional in such ecologies.
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