In this paper the authors review the tradition of quantitative cross-cultural research in Russia, starting with a review of the qualitative cross-cultural research tradition, both in the world in general and in Russia in particular. Afterwards, the authors discuss in more detail the origins of the Moscow School of quantitative cross-cultural research, as well as the main concrete results obtained by those belonging to it.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aberle, D. F. (1961). Matrilineal descent in cross-cultural perspective. In D. M. Schneider & K. Gough (Eds.), Matrilineal kinship (pp. 655-727). Berkeley: University of California Press.
2.
Achelis, T. L. B. (1893). Die Entwicklung der Ehe [The development of marriage]. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
3.
Achelis, T. L. B. (1896). Moderne Völkerkunde, deren Einteilung und Aufgaben. Nach dem heutigen Stande der Wissenschaft [Modern ethnology, its subdivisions and tasks. The present-day state of the discipline]. Stuttgart, Germany: Enke.
4.
Achelis, T. L. B. (1899). Sociologie [Sociology]. Leipzig, Germany: G. J. Goeschen.
5.
Alaev, L. B. (1974). Anketa dlya izuchenija tipologicheskih chert srednevekovyh obshchest Vostoka [A questionnaire for the study of typological features of the medieval oriental societies]. Moskva, Russia: Nauka.
6.
Alaev, L. B. (1982). Opyt tipologii srednevekovyh obshchestv Azii [A typology of medieval societies of Asia]. In L. B. Alaev (Ed.), Tipy obshchestvennyh otnoshenij na Vostoke v srednie veka (pp. 6-59). Moskva, Russia: Nauka.
7.
Alaev, L. B. (2000). Opyt tipologii srednevekovyh obshchestv Azii [A typology of medieval societies of Asia]. In O. V. Volkova (Ed.), L. B. Alaev: obshchina v ego zhizni (pp. 443-495). Moskva, Russia: Vostochnaja literatura.
8.
Alaev, L. B., & Korotayev, A. V. (1996). Istoriko-sotsiologicheskaya anketa [Historical-sociological questionnaire]. Moskva, Russia: Institut vostokovedenija RAN.
9.
Alaev, L. B., & Korotayev, A. V. (2000). Perspektiva primenenija kross-kulturnyh baz dannyh dlja sravnitelnogo izuchenija tsivilizatsij [Perspectives of the application of the cross-cultural database analysis to the comparative study of civilizations]. In K. V. Hvostova (Ed.), Sravnitel’noje izuchenije tsivilizatsij (mezhdistsiplinarnyj podhod) (pp. 103-135). Moskva, Russia: Institut vseobshchej istorii.
10.
Anuchin, D. N. (1890). Sani, lad’ja i koni kak prinadlezhnosti pohoronnogo obrjada [Sledges, boat and horses as burial attributes]. Moscow, Russia: O. O. Gerber.
11.
Artemova, O. Ju. (1999). Monopolization of information and inequality: A cross-cultural comparison. In G. Chick (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 1999 meeting (pp. 12-13). Santa Fe, NM: SCCR.
12.
Artemova, O. (2003). Monopolization of knowledge, social inequality, and female status: A cross-cultural study. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 62-80.
13.
Artemova, O., & Korotayev, A. V. (2003). Monopolization of information and female status: A cross-cultural test. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 81-86.
14.
Bachofen, J. J. (1926). Das Mutterrecht. Eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der Alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur [Matriarchy. A study of gynaicocracy of the ancient world in accordance with its religious and legal nature]. Leipzig, Germany: Kroener. (Original work published in 1861)
15.
Bastian, A. (1860). Der Mensch in der Geschichte [Mankind in history]. Leipzig, Germany: Wigard.
16.
Bastian, A. (1884). Allgemeine Grundzuege der Ethnologie. Prolegomina zur Begründung einer naturwissenschaftlichen Psychologie auf dem Material des Völkergedankens [General principals of ethnology. Introduction to a scientific psychology based on the ethnographic data]. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
17.
Bastian, A. (1895). Zur Lehre vom Menschen in ethnischen Anthropologie [Towards the study of mankind in ethnic anthropology]. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
18.
Befu, H. (1966). Political Complexity and Village community: Test of an hypothesis. Anthropological Quarterly, 39, 43-52.
19.
Bondarenko, D. M. (1997). Teorija tsivilizatsij i dinamika istoricheskogo protsessa v dokolonial’noj Tropicheskoj Afrike [Civilizations theory and the dynamics of historical process in precolonial tropical Africa]. Moscow, Russia: Institut Afriki RAN.
20.
Bondarenko, D. M. (2000). Democracy and warfare. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 18). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
21.
Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. V. (1999a). Family structures and community organization: A cross-cultural comparison. In G. Chick (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 1999 meeting (p. 14). Santa Fe, NM: SCCR.
22.
Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. V. (1999b). Gomologicheskie rjady sotsialnoj evoljutsii: Kross-kul’turnyj test nekotoryh politikoantoropologicheskih gipotez [Homologous series of social evolution: A cross-cultural test of some political-anthropological hypotheses]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 6, 33-44.
23.
Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. V. (Eds.). (2000a). Civilizational models of politogenesis. Moscow, Russia: Institut Afriki RAN.
24.
Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. V. (2000b). Family size and community organization: A cross-cultural comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 34, 152-189.
25.
Bondarenko, D. M., & Korotayev, A. V. (2003). “Early state” in cross-cultural perspective: A statistical reanalysis of Henri J. M. Claessen’s database. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 105-132.
26.
Bradley, C., Moore, C. C., Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1990). A cross-cultural historical analysis of subsistence change. American Anthropologist, 92, 447-457.
27.
Burton, M. L., Moore, C. C., Whiting, J. W. M., & Romney, A. K. (1996). Regions based on social structure. Current Anthropology, 37, 87-123.
28.
Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1987). Cross-cultural surveys today. Annual Review of Anthropology, 16, 143-160.
29.
Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1991). Regional comparisons, replications, and historical network analysis. Behavioral Science Research, 25, 55-78.
30.
Butovskaya, M. L., Korotayev, A. V., & Kazankov, A. A. (2000). Variabilité des relations sociales chez les primates humains et non humains: à la recherche d’un paradigme général [Variability of social relations in human and non-human primates: In search of a general paradigm]. Primatologie, 3, 319-363.
31.
Butovskaya, M. L., & Kozintsev, A. G. (1998). Aggressija i primirenie u shkol’nikov mladshego shkol’nogo vozrasta (etologicheskiy analiz mehanizmov kontrolya sotsial’noj naprjazhennosti v chelovecheskih kollektivah) [Aggression and reconciliation in primary schoolchildren (an ethological analysis of social tension control mechanisms in human groups)]. Etnologicheskoe obozrenie, 4, 122-139.
32.
Butovskaya, M. L., & Kozintsev, A. G. (1999). Aggression, friendship, and reconciliation in Russian primary schoolchildren. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 125-139.
33.
Butovskaya, M. L., Verbeek, P., Ljungberg, T., & Lunardini, A. (2000). Multicultural view of peacemaking among young children. In F. Aureli & F. De Waal (Eds.), Natural conflict resolution (pp. 423-450). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34.
Coult, A. D., & Habenstein, R. W. (1965). Cross tabulations of Murdock’s world ethnographic sample. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
35.
Danilevsky, N. Y. (1871). Rossija i Evropa. Vzgljad na kul’turnyja i politicheskija otnoshenija Slavjanskago mira k Germano-Romanskomu [Russia and Europe. A glance at the cultural and political relations of the Slavic world to the German and Roman]. Sankt Peterburg, Russia: Obshchestvennaja pol’za.
36.
de Munck, V., & Korotayev, A. V. (1999). Sexual equality and romantic love: A reanalysis of Rosenblatt’s study on the function of romantic love. Cross-Cultural Research, 33, 265-277.
37.
de Munck, V., & Korotayev, A. V. (2000). Problem of cultural units in cross-cultural research. Ethnology, 39, 395-407.
38.
Divale, W. (1999). Climatic instability, food storage, and the development of numeric counting: A cross-cultural study. Cross-Cultural Research, 33, 341-368.
39.
Dow, M. M., Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1981). Multivariate modeling with interdependent network data. Behavioral Science Research, 17, 216-245.
40.
Dow, M. M., Burton, M. L., & White, D. R. (1982). Network autocorrelation. Social Networks, 4, 169-200.
41.
Dow, M. M., Burton, M. L., White, D. R., & Reitz, K. (1984). Galton’s problem as network autocorrelation. American Ethnologist, 11, 754-770.
42.
Durkheim, E. (1893). Etude sur l’organisation des societes superieures [A Study of the organization of advanced societies]. Paris: Alcan.
43.
Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (1998). Cross-cultural research. In H. R. Bernard (Ed.), Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology (pp. 647-690).Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
44.
Ember, C. R., & Levinson, D. (1991). The substantive contributions of worldwide cross-cultural studies using secondary data. Behavior Science Research, 25, 79-140.
45.
Ember, M. (1971). An empirical test of Galton’s problem. Ethnology, 10, 98-106.
46.
Engels, F. (1884). Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats [The origins of family, private property and state]. Hoettingen-Zürich: Verlags-Magazin.
47.
Erasov, B. (1994). Rossija v evrazijskom prostranstve [Russia in the Eurasian space]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2, 61-72.
48.
Erasov, B. S. (1990). Kul’tura, religija i tsivilizatsija na Vostoke (ocherki obshchej teorii) [Culture, religion, and civilization in the East (essays of general theory)]. Moscow, Russia: Nauka.
49.
Frazer, J. G. (1890). The golden bough. London: Macmillan.
50.
Grosse, E. (1896). Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der Wirtschaft [Forms of family and forms of economy]. Freiburg and Leipzig, Germany: Mohr.
51.
Hahn, E. (1896). Die Haustiere und ihre Beziehung zur Wirtschaft des Menschen [Domestic animals and their importance for the human economy]. Stuttgart, Germany: Duncker und Humblot.
52.
Hildebrand, R. (1896). Recht und Sitte auf den verschiedenen wirtschaftlichen Kulturstufen [Law and customs at various culturaleconomic stages]. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
53.
Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad. (1995). In D. al-Juwaydi (Ed.), Muqaddimah. Sayda-Bayrut, Lebanon: Al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah.
54.
Ionov, I. N. (1997). Ponjatie i teorija lokal’nykh tsivilizatsij: problema istoriograficheskogo prioriteta [The notion and theory of local civilizations: The problem of historiographic priority]. Tsivilizatsii, 4, 136-152.
55.
Jary, D., & Jary, J. (Eds.). (1991). HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology. New York: HarperPerennial.
56.
Kazankov, A. A. (2000). Cultural complexity and sexual freedom. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 29). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
57.
Kazankov, A. A., & Korotayev, A. V. (1999). Regions based on social structure: A reconsideration. In G. Chick (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 1999 meeting (p. 24). Santa Fe, NM: SCCR.
58.
Khachaturjan, V. M. (1993). N. Ya. Danilevsky i V. S. Solov’jov o vsemirnoistoricheskom protsesse i lokal’noj tsivilizatsii [N. Y. Danilevsky and V. S. Solov’jov on the universal historical process and the local civilization]. Tsivilizatsii, 2, 166-172.
59.
Khachaturjan, V. M. (1997). Teorija lokal’noj tsivilizatsii v russkoj tsiviliografii vtoroj treti XIX v. Slavjanofily i P. Chaadaev [The local civilization theory in Russian civiliography of the second third of the 19th century. The Slavophiles and P. Chaadaev]. Tsivilizatsii, 4, 153-168.
60.
Khaltourina, D., & Korotayev, A. (2001). Concepts of culture in cross-national and cross-cultural perspectives, or “cognitive world maps” of American and Russian students. World Cultures, 12, 37-97, and File CULTURE1-2.SAV.
61.
Khizrieva, G. A. (2000). Degree of “Arabization” and parallel cousin (FBD) marriage: A cross-cultural comparison. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 29). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
62.
Kobishchanov, Y. M. (1985). Afrikanskie tsivilizatsii: stanovlenie i evoljutsija [African civilizations: Genesis and evolution]. In R. N. Ismagilova (Ed.), Afrika: kul’turnoe nasledie i sovremennost’ [Africa: Cultural heritage and modernity] (pp. 69-128). Moscow, Russia: Nauka.
63.
Kobishchanov, Y. M. (1996). Mesto islamskoj tsivilizatsii v etnokonfessional’noj strukture Severnoj Evrazii—Rossii [The position of the Islamic civilization in the ethnic and religious structure of north Eurasia—Russia]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2, 171-182.
64.
Korneev, A. (2000). Cultural complexity and sexual freedom. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 30). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
65.
Korotayev, A. V. (1989). O nekotoryh ekonomicheskih predposylkah klassoobrazovanija i politogeneza [Economic preconditions of class and state formation]. In S. I. Bljumhen (Ed.), Lingvisticheskaya rekonstruktsiya i drevneyshaya istoriya Vostoka (Vol. 1, pp. 44-59). Moscow, Russia: Nauka.
66.
Korotayev, A. V. (1991). Nekotorye ekonomicheskie predposylki klassoobrazovaniya i politogeneza [Some economic preconditions of class and state formation]. In A. V. Korotayev & V. V. Chubarov (Eds.), Arhaicheskoe obshchestvo: uzlovye problemy sotsiologii razvitiya (pp. 136-191). Moscow, Russia: Institut istorii SSSR AN.
67.
Korotayev, A. V. (1999a). O sootnoshenii sistem terminov rodstva i tipov sotsial’nyh sistem: opyt kolichestvennogo kross-kul’turnogo analiza [The correlation between the kinship terms and social system types: A quantitative cross-cultural comparison]. Algebra rodstva, 3, 117-147.
68.
Korotayev, A. V. (1999b). Political centralization and cultural complexity: Across-cultural comparison. In G. Chick (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 1999 meeting (p. 24). Santa Fe, NM: SCCR.
69.
Korotayev, A. V. (2000a). Democracy, Christianization and unilineal descent groups: A cross-cultural comparison. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 30). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
70.
Korotayev, A. V. (2000b). Parallel cousin (FBD) marriage, Islamization, and Arabization. Ethnology, 39, 335-348.
71.
Korotayev, A. V. (2003). Unilineal descent organization and deep Christianization: A cross-cultural comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 133-157.
72.
Korotayev, A. V., & Bondarenko, D. M. (2000). Polygyny and democracy: A cross-cultural comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 34, 190-208.
73.
Korotayev, A. V., & Cardinale, J. (2003). Status of women, female contribution to subsistence, and monopolization of information: Further cross-cultural comparisons. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 87-104.
74.
Korotayev, A. V., & Kazankov, A. A. (2000). Regions based on social structure: A reconsideration (or, an apologia for diffusionism). Current Anthropology, 41, 668-690.
75.
Korotayev, A. V., & Kazankov, A. A. (2003). Factors of sexual freedom among foragers in cross-cultural perspective. Cross-Cultural Research, 37(1), 29-61.
76.
Korotayev, A. V., Kradin, N. N., de Munck, V., & Lynsha, V. A. (2000). Alternativity of social evolution: Introductory notes. In N. N. Kradin, A. V. Korotayev, D. M. Bondarenko, V. de Munck, & P. K. Wason (Eds.), Alternatives of social evolution (pp. 12-51). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
77.
Korotayev, A. V., Kradin, N. N., & Lynsha, V. A. (2000). Al’ternativy social’noj evoljutsii [Alternatives of social evolution]. In N. N. Kradin, A. V. Korotayev, D. M. Bondarenko, & V. A. Lynsha (Eds.), Al’ternativnye puti k tsivilizatsii (pp. 24-83). Moscow, Russia: Logos.
78.
Kovalevskiy, M. M. (1879). Obshchinnoe zemlevladenie. Prichiny, hod i posledstvija ego razlozhenija [Communal land ownership. Causes, process and consequences of its disintegration]. Moscow, Russia: F. B. Miller.
79.
Kovalevskiy, M. M. (1886). Pervobytnoe pravo [Primitive law]. Moscow, Russia: A. I. Mamontov.
80.
Kovalevskiy, M. M. (1895). Ocherk proishozhdeniya i razvitija sem’i i sobstvennosti [Origins and development of family and ownership]. St. Petersburg, Russia: F. Pavlenkov.
81.
Lang, A. (1898). The making of religion. London: Longmans, Green.
82.
Letourneau, Ch. J. M. (1888). L’evolution du mariage et de la famille [The evolution of marriage and family]. Paris: Delahaye et Lecrosnier.
83.
Levinson, D., & Malone, M. (1980). Toward explaining human culture. New Haven, CT: HRAF.
84.
Lippert, J. (1884). Die Geschichte der Familie [The history of family]. Stuttgart, Germany: F. Enke.
85.
Lippert, J. (1886-1887). Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit in ihrem organischen Aufbau [Cultural history of humankind in its organic development]. Stuttgart, Germany: F. Enke.
86.
Lubbock, J. (1978). The origin of civilization and the primitive condition of man. Mental and social condition of savages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1870)
87.
Maclennan, J. F. (1876). Studies in ancient history. Comprising a report of primitive marriage. An inquiry into the origin of the form of capture in marriage ceremonies. New York: Macmillan.
88.
Maksimov, A. N. (1899). K voprosu o metodah izuchenija istorii sem’i [On methods of investigating the history of family]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 4, 1-35.
89.
Marx, K. (1867). Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Buch 1. Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals [Capital, critique of the political economy. Book 1. The process of capital production]. Hamburg, Germany: Meissner.
90.
Morgan, L. H. (1871). Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
91.
Morgan, L. H. (1877). Ancient society, or researches in the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism to civilization. New York: Holt.
92.
Mucke, J. R. (1895). Horde und Familie in ihrer urgeschichtlichen Entwicklung. Eine neueTheorie auf statistischer Grundlage [Horde and family in their ancient historic development. A new theory based on statistical grounds]. Stuttgart, Germany: F. Enke.
93.
Munroe, R. H., Munroe, R. L., & Shimmin, H. S. (1984). Children’s work in four cultures: Determinants and consequences. American Anthropologist, 86, 369-379.
94.
Murdock, G. P., & Provost, C. (1973). Measurement of cultural complexity. Ethnology, 12, 379-392.
95.
Murdock, G. P., & Wilson, S. F. (1972). Settlement patterns and community organization: Cross cultural codes 3. Ethnology, 11, 254-295.
96.
Naroll, R. (1961). Two solutions to Galton’s problem. Philosophy of Science, 18, 15-39.
97.
Naroll, R. (1970). Galton’s problem. In R. Naroll & R. Cohen (Eds.), A handbook of method in cultural anthropology (pp. 974-989). Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
98.
Naroll, R. (1973). Holocultural theory tests. In R. Naroll & R. Cohen (Eds.), Main currents in cultural anthropology (pp. 309-384). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
99.
Naroll, R., & D’Andrade, R. G. (1963). Two further solutions to Galton’s problem. American Anthropologist, 65, 1053-1067.
100.
Nazaretyan, A. P. (1999). A synergetic model of cultural evolution and crises: The techno-humanitarian balance hypotheses. In G. Chick (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 1999 meeting (p. 28-29). Santa Fe, NM: SCCR.
101.
Nieboer, H. J. (1900). Slavery as an industrial system. The Hague, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
102.
Nieboer, H. J. (1907). Rabstvo kak sistema hozjajstva. Etnologicheskoe issledovanie [Slavery as an industrial system]. Moscow, Russia: I. M. Braff.
103.
Pasternak, B. (1976). Introduction to kinship and social organization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
104.
Pasternak, B., Ember, M., & Ember, C. (1997). Sex, gender, and kinship: A cross-cultural perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
105.
Peschel, O. (1874). Völkerkunde [Ethnology]. Leipzig, Germany: Ducker und Humbolt.
106.
Rashkovsky, E. (1990). Zapad, Rossija, Vostok. Vostokovednye temy v trudakh russkikh religioznykh filosofov [The West, Russia, the East. Orientalistic themes in works of Russian religious philosophers]. Azija i Afrika segodnya, 6, 56-58; 8, 55-58; 9, 53-55.
107.
Service, E. (1962). Primitive social organization: An evolutionary perspective. New York: Random House.
108.
Sledzevski, I. V. (Ed.). (1992). Prostranstvo i vremja v arkhaicheskikh kul’turakh [Space and time in archaic cultures]. Moscow, Russia: Institut Afriki RAN.
109.
Sledzevski, I. V., & Bondarenko, D. M. (Eds.). (1996). Prostranstvo i vremja v arkhaicheskikh i traditsionnykh kul’turakh [Space and time in archaic and traditional cultures]. Moscow, Russia: Institut Afriki RAN.
110.
Spencer, H. (1876-1896). Principles of sociology. London: Williams and Norgate.
111.
Starke, C. N. (1888). Die primitive Familie in ihrer Entstehung und Entwicklung. Starke, C. N. (1888). Die primitive Familie in ihrer Entstehung und Entwicklung [The primitive family in its formation and development]. Leipzig, Germany: F. A. Brokhaus.
112.
Strauss, D. J., & Orans, M. (1975). Mighty sifts: A critical appraisal of solutions of Galton’s problem and a partial solution. Current Anthropology, 16, 573-594.
113.
Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, art and custom. London: J. Murray.
114.
Tylor, E. B. (1881). Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization. London: J. Murray.
115.
Tylor, E. B. (1889). On a method of investigating the development of institutions, applied to laws of marriage and descent. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 18, 245-269.
116.
Tylor, E. B. (1890). O metode issledovanija razvitija uchrezhdenij v primenenii k zakonam o brake i proishozhdenii [On a method of investigating the development of institutions, applied to laws of marriage and descent]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 5, 171-195.
117.
Vasil’ev, L. S. (1993). Istorija Vostoka [A history of the east] (Vols. 1-2). Moscow, Russia: Vysshaja shkola.
118.
Vasil’ev, L. S. (2000). Vostok i Zapad v istorii (osnovnye parametry problematiki) [The east and the west in history (basic parameters of the problematique)]. In N. N. Kradin, A. V. Korotayev, D. M. Bondarenko, & V. A. Lynsha (Eds.), Al’ternativnye puti k tsivilizatsii (pp. 96-114). Moscow, Russia: Logos.
119.
Volkova, O. V. (Ed.). (2000). L. B. Alaev: obshchina v ego zhizni [L. B. Alaev: Community in his life]. Moscow, Russia: Vostochnaja literatura.
120.
Waitz, Th. (1858-1872). Anthropologie der Naturvölker [Anthropology of primitive peoples]. Leipzig, Germany: Fleischer.
121.
Westermarck, E. (1891). The history of human marriage. London: Macmillan.
122.
White, D. R., Burton, M. L., & Dow, M. (1981). Sexual division of labor in African agriculture. American Anthropologist, 83, 824-849.
123.
Whiting, B. B., Whiting, J. W. M., & Longabaugh, R. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psycho-cultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
124.
Yurlov, V. (2000). Parallel cousin (FBD) marriage and degree of Islamization: A cross-cultural comparison. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 41). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
125.
Zakurdaev, A. (2000). Democracy, polygyny, and socialization: A cross-cultural comparison. In H. W. Gardiner (Ed.), Society for Cross-Cultural Research 2000 meeting (p. 41). New Orleans, LA: SCCR.
126.
Ziber, N. I. (1883). Ocherki pervobytnoj ekonomicheskoj kul’tury [Primitive economic culture]. Moscow, Russia: K. T. Soldatenkov.