Implementing Strengths-Based Approaches for Furthering Career Construction: Validation of the Academic Version of the Values in Action Character Strengths Scale for Assessing University Students’ Adaptability

Abstract

This research demonstrated the validation and application of the Character Strengths Scale for University Students (CSSUS)—a new measure for assessing adaptability. The research was based on three studies (n = 372; n = 368; n = 378) of Pakistani undergraduate students. In Study 1, EFA indicated a four-factor structure of the CSSUS. In Study 2, because of the strong correlations between the factors, the first-order CFA model was compared with a unidimensional model, second-order model, and bi-factor model. Results indicated that as compared to the three competing models, the first-order CFA model had the best fit. The four factors demonstrated appropriate convergent validity and tests of divergent validity indicated that each was distinct from the other. The factors showed adequate concurrent validity as each was related to proactive personality, core self-evaluations, and well-being. The factors also showed adequate internal consistency reliability. In Study 3, the academic virtues added unique variance to career adaptability above and beyond gender, age, personality traits, and domain-general character virtues, suggesting incremental validity of the scale. Finally, a strengths-based application of the CSSUS indicated that optimism may offer a pathway forward to enable university students to apply the four academic virtues to augment career adaptability.

Keywords

proactive personality core self-evaluations career adaptability academic virtues personality traits optimism character strengths scale for university students

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Akkermans

Paradniké

Van der Heijden

B. I. J. M.

De Vos

(2018). The best of both worlds: The role of career adaptability and career competencies in students’ well-being and performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01678

Alarcon

G. M.

Edwards

J. M.

Menke

L. E.

(2011). Student burnout and engagement: A test of the conservation of resources theory. Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.555432

Al-Seheel

A. Y.

Noor

N. M.

(2016). Effects of an Islamic-based gratitude strategy on Muslim students’ level of happiness. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(7), 686–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1229287

Amjad

Misbah

(2014). Quest towards the core of selfhood. Islamic Studies, 53(3–4), 201–221.

Anderson

A. M.

Maguire

K. R.

(2024). The relationships between strengths-based teaching practices and students’ general, strengths, and academic self-efficacy. Discover Psychology, 4(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00171-0

Anjum

Amjad

(2020). Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS): Translation and validation in Urdu language. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35, 163–189. https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.1.10

Anjum

Amjad

(2021). Values in action inventory of strengths: Development and validation of short form-72 in Urdu. Current Psychology, 40(5), 2039–2051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0102-6

Ateş

(2022). A validity and reliability study on developing a scale for assessing Classroom Teachers' Attitudes towards illustrated children’s books. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(3), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.461.11

Bagozzi

R. P.

Phillips

L. W.

(1982). Representing and testing organizational theories: A holistic construal. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(3), 459–489. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392322

10.

Bateman

T. S.

Crant

J. M.

(1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202

11.

Bay Atlantic University . (2003). 12 problems college students face and how to overcome them. Retrieved from: https://bau.edu/blog/problems-college-students-face/ (Accessed 5 May 2023).

12.

Beavers

A. S.

Lounsbury

J. W.

Richards

J. K.

Huck

S. W.

Skolits

G. J.

Esquivel

S. L.

(2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.7275/qv2q-rk76

13.

Blasco-Belled

Alsinet

Torrelles-Nadal

Ros-Morente

(2018). The study of character strengths and life satisfaction: A comparison between affective-component and cognitive-component traits. Anuario de Psicología, 48(3), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpsic.2018.10.001

14.

Boateng

G. O.

Neilands

T. B.

Frongillo

E. A.

Melgar-Quiñonez

H. R.

Young

S. L.

(2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149

15.

Brdar

Kashdan

T. B.

(2010). Character strengths and well-being in Croatia: An empirical investigation of structure and correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.001

16.

Browning

B. R.

McDermott

R. C.

Scaffa

M. E.

Booth

N. R.

Carr

N. T.

(2018). Character strengths and first-year college students’ academic persistence attitudes: An integrative model. The Counseling Psychologist, 46(5), 608–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000018786950

17.

Butler

Kern

M. L.

(2016). The PERMA-profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526

18.

Carlson

D. S.

Perry

S. J.

Kacmar

Wan

M. (M. )

Thompson

M. J.

(2023). When work and family collide: ‘Resource caravans’ of personal and contextual resources in remote work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 39(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12274

19.

Carpenter

(2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583

20.

Carver

C. S.

Scheier

M. F.

(2019). Optimism. In Gallagher

M. W.

Lopez

S. J.

(Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (2nd ed., pp. 61–76). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000138-005

21.

Chen

F. F.

Hayes

Carver

C. S.

Laurenceau

J. P.

Zhang

(2012). Modeling general and specific variance in multifaceted constructs: A comparison of the bifactor model to other approaches. Journal of Personality, 80(1), 219–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00739.x

22.

Cheng

Huang

Qin

Liu

Tian

Liao

Zhou

Xiang

Chen

Lei

(2022). Initial validation of the Chinese version VIA Youth-96 and age-related changes in character strengths among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 906171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906171

23.

Chou

C. C.

Keegan

Ditchman

Chan

Iwanaga

Kaya

Bengtson

Fujikawa

Tan

S. Y.

(2021). Development and psychometric validation of a semantic differential measure of character strengths in a sample of Singaporean University students. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 11(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.18401/2021.11.1.6

24.

Coelho

G. L. H.

Vilar

Hanel

P. H. P.

Monteiro

R. P.

Ribeiro

M. G. C.

Gouveia

V. V.

(2018). Optimism scale: Evidence of psychometric validity in two countries and correlations with personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 134(1), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.030

25.

Costa

P. T.

McCrae

R. R.

(1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(6), 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I

26.

Crant

J. M.

(2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304

27.

Datu

J. A. D.

Valdez

J. P. M.

McInerney

D. M.

Cayubit

R. F.

(2021). The effects of gratitude and kindness on life satisfaction, positive emotions, negative emotions, and COVID-19 anxiety: An online pilot experimental study. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being, 14(2), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12306

28.

Diener

Lucas

R. E.

(2023). Personality traits. In Biswas-Diener

Diener

(Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology: DEF Publishers.

29.

Duan

(2017). Development and initial validation of a short three-dimensional inventory of character strengths. Quality of Life Research, 26(9), 2519–2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1579-4

30.

Duan

(2019). Randomized trial investigating of a single-session character-strength-based cognitive intervention on freshman’s adaptability. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(1), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517699525

31.

Duan

S. M. Y.

Bai

Tang

(2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese virtues questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(3), 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731513477214

32.

Fang

Zhang

Mei

Chai

Fan

(2018). Relationships between optimism, educational environment, career adaptability and career motivation in nursing undergraduates: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 68, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.025

33.

Feraco

Casali

Meneghetti

Greiff

Cona

(2023). Is good character all that counts? A comparison between the predictive role of specific strengths and a general factor of “good character” using a bifactor model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(7), 2353–2376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00686-8

34.

Field

(2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.): Sage Publications Ltd.

35.

Fornell

Larcker

D. F.

(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

36.

Furnham

Lester

(2012). The development of a short measure of character strength. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000096

37.

Ginevra

M. C.

Sgaramella

T. M.

Ferrari

Nota

Santilli

Soresi

(2017). Visions about future: A new scale assessing optimism, pessimism, and hope in adolescents. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 17(2), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-016-9324-z

38.

Gonçalves

A. P.

Martins

G. H.

Salvador

A. P.

Machado

G. M.

Carvalho

L. d. F.

Ambiel

R. A. M.

(2020). Career adaptability and associations with personality traits and pathological traits utilizing network analysis. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 21(2), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-020-09448-x

39.

Goretzko

Pham

T. T. H.

Bühner

(2021). Exploratory factor analysis: Current use, methodological developments and recommendations for good practice. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3510–3521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00300-2

40.

Govindji

Linley

P. A.

(2007). Strengths use, self-concordance and well-being: Implications for strengths coaching and coaching psychologists. International Coaching Psychology Review, 2(2), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.143

41.

Grant

J. S.

Davis

L. L.

(1997). Selection and use of content experts for instrument development. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199706)20:3<269::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G

42.

Green

Z. A.

(2022). Character strengths intervention for nurturing well‐being among Pakistan’s university students: A mixed‐method study. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 14(1), 252–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12301

43.

Green

Z. A.

(2023). Strengthening career adaptation among school teachers in Pakistan: Test of strengths-based career intervention imparted through emotionalized learning experiences. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 23, 43–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-021-09502-2

44.

Green

Z. A.

(2024a). Strengths intervention imparted through a blended learning approach to advance personal growth initiative among Pakistan’s university students during COVID-19. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 81, 101343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101343

45.

Green

Z. A.

(2024b). Incorporating emotionalized learning experiences into blended learning for advancing positive education. In Arslan

Yıldırım

(Eds.), Handbook of positive school psychology. Advances in mental health and addiction (pp. 161–177). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54295-4_11

46.

Green

Z. A.

Çiçek

Yıldırım

(2024). The relationship between social support and uncertainty of COVID-19: The mediating roles of resilience and academic self-efficacy. Psihologija, 57(4), 407–427. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI220903002G

47.

Green

Z. A.

Noor

Hashemi

M. N.

(2020a). Furthering proactivity and career adaptability among university students: Test of intervention. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(3), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072719870739

48.

Green

Zane Asher

Noor

Uzma

Ahmed

Firoza

(2020b). The body-mind-spirit dimensions of wellness mediate dispositional gratitude and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 3095–3119. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00215-6

49.

Green

Z. A.

Rizwan

(2023). Art-of-living intervention imparted through a blended learning approach to nurture positivity among Pakistan’s university students during COVID-19: A growth curve analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24, 1931–1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00664-0

50.

Green

Z. A.

Rizwan

(2024). A creative self-efficacy course for nurturing academic thriving and academic engagement among college students in Pakistan. Learning and Individual Differences, 114, 102495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102495

51.

Green

Z. A.

Yıldırım

Jalal

(2023). Testing the career construction model of adaptation in a sample of Afghanistan’s working adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Career Assessment, 31(1), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727221084291

52.

Grinhauz

A. S.

Azzara

S. H.

Azzollini

(2022). Can character strengths predict college adjustment? A study carried out in nursing students in the Argentine republic. Trends in Psychology, 32(2), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-022-00215-1

53.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C.

Babin

B. J.

Anderson

R. E.

Tatham

R. L.

(2010). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson.

54.

Hartung

P. J.

Cadaret

M. C.

(2017). Career adaptability: Changing self and situation for satisfaction and success. In Maree

(Ed.), Psychology of career adaptability, employability and resilience (pp. 15–28): Springer International Publishing.

55.

Harzer

Ruch

(2013). The application of signature character strengths and positive experiences at work. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 965–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9364-0

56.

Harzer

Ruch

(2015). The relationships of character strengths with coping, work-related stress, and job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00165

57.

Hattori

Zhang

Preacher

K. J.

(2017). Multiple local solutions and geomin rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 52(6), 720–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2017.1361312

58.

Hayes

A. F.

(2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.): Guilford Press.

59.

Hirschi

(2012). The career resources model: An integrative framework for career counsellors. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 40(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.700506

60.

Hobfoll

S. E.

(2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

61.

Hobfoll

S. E.

(2010). Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x

62.

Hobfoll

S. E.

(2012). Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: The caravans and passageways for resources. Psychiatry, 75(3), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.227

63.

L. T.

Bentler

P. M.

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

64.

Judge

T. A.

Erez

Bono

J. E.

Thoresen

C. J.

(2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56(2), 303–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00152.x

65.

Kaya

(2022). Adaptation and preliminary validation of a positive psychology assessment tool: Character strengths semantic differential scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211070404

66.

Kenny

D. A.

(2016). Multiple latent variable models: Confirmatory factor analysis. Retrieved from: https://davidakenny.net/cm/mfactor.htm (Accessed 14 July 2024).

67.

Khodayarifard

Hejazi

Hassaniraad

McGrath

(2020). Construction and validation of Iranian character strengths inventory. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 10(40), 55–85.

68.

Korkmaz

(2023). “Visions about the future: Hope, optimism, and pessimism” as predictor of university students’ proactive career behavior. International Academic Social Resources Journal, 8(45), 1914–1922. https://doi.org/10.29228/ASRJOURNAL.67583

69.

Krejcie

R. V.

Morgan

D. W.

(1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308

70.

Lavy

(2020). A review of character strengths interventions in twenty-first-century schools: Their importance and how they can be fostered. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9700-6

71.

Lee

J.-H.

Kim

(2018). The effect of character strength, occupational engagement on career adaptability of college students majoring in multimedia content. Journal of Digital Contents Society, 19(5), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2018.19.5.861

72.

Guan

Wang

Zhou

Guo

Jiang

Fang

(2015). Big-five personality and BIS/BAS traits as predictors of career exploration: The mediation role of career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.04.006

73.

Lin

Jiang

(2023). Character strengths, meaning in life, personal goal, and career adaptability among impoverished college students: A chain-mediating model. Heliyon, 9(2), Article e13232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13232

74.

Linley

P. A.

Harrington

(2006). Playing to your strengths. The Psychologist, 19, 86–89.

75.

Littman-Ovadia

(2015). Short form of the VIA Inventory of Strengths: Construction and initial tests of reliability and validity. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 2(4), 229–237.

76.

Liu

Sun

Guo

Luo

(2023). Mindful parenting inhibits adolescents from being greedy: The mediating role of adolescent core self-evaluations. Current Psychology, 42(19), 15991–16000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00577-3

77.

MacCallum

R. C.

Browne

M. W.

Sugawara

H. M.

(1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130

78.

Macdonald

Bore

Munro

(2008). Values in action scale and the Big 5: An empirical indication of structure. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.003

79.

Maggiori

Rossier

Savickas

M. L.

(2017). Career adapt-abilities scale–short form (CAAS-SF): Construction and validation. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(2), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714565856

80.

Magyar-Moe

J. L.

Owens

R. L.

Conoley

C. W.

(2015). Positive psychological interventions in counseling: What every counseling psychologist should know. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(4), 508–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015573776

81.

Martínez-Martí

M. L.

Ruch

(2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1163403

82.

Martins Oliveira

Taveira

M. d. C.

Porfeli

E. J.

Grace

R. C.

(2018). Confirmatory study of the multidimensional scales of perceived self-efficacy with children. Universitas Psychologica, 17(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-4.csms

83.

McDonald

R. P.

M.-H. R.

(2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64

84.

McGrath

R. E.

(2019). Technical report: The VIA assessment suite for adults: Development and initial evaluation: VIA Institute on Character.

85.

Neto

Furnham

(2014). Gender and psychological correlates of self-rated strengths among youth. Social Indicators Research, 118(1), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0417-5

86.

Cao

Marsh

H. W.

Tay

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2017). The factor structure of the values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-IS): An item-level exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) bifactor analysis. Psychological Assessment, 29(8), 1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000396

87.

Niemiec

R. M.

(2020). Six functions of character strengths for thriving at times of adversity and opportunity: A theoretical perspective. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(2), 551–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9692-2

88.

Niemiec

R. M.

Pearce

(2021). The practice of character strengths: Unifying definitions, principles, and exploration of what’s soaring, emerging, and ripe with potential in science and in practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 590220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590220

89.

Noronha

A. P. P.

Campos

R. R. F.

(2018). Relationship between character strengths and personality traits. Estudos de Psicologia, 35(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000100004

90.

Ochoco

M. S. A.

W. E. G.

(2022). Examining the Career Construction Model of Adaptation among Filipino senior high school students. Journal of Career Development, 49(6), 1301–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211037011

91.

Oliveira

Í. M.

Marques

(2024). The role of career adaptability and academic engagement in college student’s Life satisfaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(5), 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050596

92.

Park

Peterson

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748

93.

Pathki

C. S.

Kluemper

D. H.

Meuser

J. D.

McLarty

B. D.

(2022). The Org-B5: Development of a short work frame-of-reference measure of the Big Five. Journal of Management, 48(5), 1299–1337. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063211002627

94.

Pedrosa

Celis-Atenas

Suárez-Álvarez

García-Cueto

Muñiz

(2015). Cuestionario para la evaluación del optimismo: Fiabilidad y evidencias de validez. Terapia Psicologica, 33(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082015000200007

95.

Pervan

Curak

Pavic

K. T.

(2018). The influence of industry characteristics and dynamic capabilities on firms’ profitability. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6010004

96.

Peterson

Park

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2005). Assessment of character strengths. In Koocher

G. P.

Norcross

J. C.

HillIII

S. S.

(Eds.), Psychologists’ desk reference (2nd ed., pp. 93–98): Oxford University Press.

97.

Peterson

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. American Psychological Association; Oxford University Press.

98.

Pett

M. A.

Lackey

N. R.

Sullivan

J. L.

(2003). Making sense of factor analysis. The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research: Sage Publications, Inc.

99.

Porfeli

E. J.

Lee

Vondracek

F. W.

(2013). Identity development and careers in adolescents and emerging adults: Content, process, and structure. In Walsh

W. B.

Savickas

M. L.

Hartung

(Eds.), Handbook of vocational psychology: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 133–153). Routledge.

100.

Radford

(2024). Conservation of resources theory. In Hutchings

Michailova

Wilkinson

(Eds.), A guide to key theories for human resource management research (pp. 59–66). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035308767

101.

Rand

K. L.

Shanahan

M. L.

Fischer

I. C.

Fortney

S. K.

(2020). Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 81, Article 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906

102.

Rohrer

J. M.

Hünermund

Arslan

R. C.

Elson

(2022). That’s a lot to process! Pitfalls of popular path models. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 5(2), Article 25152459221095827. https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221095827

103.

Savickas

M. L.

Porfeli

E. J.

(2012). The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 744–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011

104.

Savickas

M. L.

Porfeli

E. J.

Hilton

T. L.

Savickas

(2018). The student career construction inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.009

105.

Segerstrom

S. C.

(2007). Optimism and resources: Effects on each other and on health over 10 years. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 772–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.09.004

106.

Seibert

S. E.

Crant

J. M.

Kraimer

M. L.

(1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416

107.

Seligman

M. E. P.

(2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.

108.

Seligman

M. E. P.

Steen

T. A.

Park

Peterson

(2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410

109.

Sharma

P. K.

Misra

R. K.

(2017). Core self evaluations scale: An empirical attestation among software professionals. Procedia Computer Science, 122, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.344

110.

Shimai

Urata

(2023). Development and validation of the character strengths test 24 (CST24): A brief measure of 24 character strengths. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01280-6

111.

Shoshani

Shwartz

(2018). From character strengths to children’s well-being: Development and validation of the character strengths inventory for elementary school children. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02123

112.

Shryack

Steger

M. F.

Krueger

R. F.

Kallie

C. S.

(2010). The structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 714–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.007

113.

Singh

Choubisa

(2010). Empirical validation of values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-IS) in Indian context. Psychological Studies, 55(2), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-010-0015-4

114.

Storme

Celik

Myszkowski

(2020). A forgotten antecedent of career adaptability: A study on the predictive role of within-person variability in personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 160(1), Article 109936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109936

115.

Tavakoly Sany

S. B.

Aman

Jangi

Lael-Monfared

Tehrani

Jafari

(2023). Quality of life and life satisfaction among university students: Exploring, subjective norms, general health, optimism, and attitude as potential mediators. Journal of American College Health, 71(4), 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1920597

116.

Teimouri

Plonsky

Tabandeh

(2022). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research, 26(5), 893–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820921895

117.

Tolentino

L. R.

Garcia

P. R. J. M.

V. N.

Restubog

S. L. D.

Bordia

Plewa

(2014). Career adaptation: The relation of adaptability to goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.004

118.

Vanhove

A. J.

Harms

P. D.

DeSimone

J. A.

(2016). The abbreviated character strengths test (ACST): A preliminary assessment of test validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(5), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1148044

119.

van Vianen

A. E. M.

Klehe

U.-C.

Koen

Dries

(2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale — Netherlands Form: Psychometric properties and relationships to ability, personality, and regulatory focus. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.002

120.

van Woerkom

Mostert

Els

Bakker

A. B.

de Beer

Rothmann Jr

(2016). Strengths use and deficit correction in organizations: Development and validation of a questionnaire. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 960–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1193010

121.

Villacís

J. L.

de la Fuente

Naval

(2021). Good character at college: The combined role of second-order character strength factors and Phronesis motivation in undergraduate academic outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168263

122.

Villacís

J. L.

Naval

De la Fuente

(2023). Character strengths, moral motivation and vocational identity in adolescents and young adults: A scoping review. Current Psychology, 42(27), 23448–23463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03427-x

123.

Watkins

M. W.

(2000). Monte Carlo PCA for parallel analysis: & Psych Associates. [computer software].

124.

Wetstone

Rice

K. G.

(2023). Enhancing career adaptability among university students: An intervention study. Journal of Career Development, 50(6), 1279–1292. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453231187910

125.

Wilkins

K. G.

Santilli

Ferrari

Nota

Tracey

T. J. G.

Soresi

(2014). The relationship among positive emotional dispositions, career adaptability, and satisfaction in Italian high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.004

126.

Wong

W.-L.

Cheung

S.-H.

(2024). Hope and its associations with academic-related outcomes and general wellbeing among college students: The importance of measurement specificity. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 398. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01859-7

127.

Worthington

R. L.

Whittaker

T. A.

(2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127

128.

Xiao

Wan

Kwong

(2024). Developing and validating a scale to measure tertiary students’ sustainability competence in extracurricular settings in Asia. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2334107. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2334107

129.

Yama

Nishioka

Horishita

Kawasaki

Taniguchi

(2007). A dual process model for cultural differences in thought. Mind & Society, 6(2), 143–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-007-0028-4

130.

Chotipanvithayakul

Wichaidit

Cai

(2022). Effects of character strength-based intervention vs group counseling on post-traumatic growth, well-being, and depression among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in guangdong, China: A non-inferiority trial. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1517–1529. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S359073

131.

Zábó

Oláh

Erát

Vargha

(2023). Assessing your strengths – Hungarian validation of the 24-Item Values in Action Inventory of Strengths on a large sample. European Journal of Mental Health, 18(e0012), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.18.2023.0012

132.

Zait

Bertea

(2011). Methods for testing discriminant validity. Management and Marketing Journal, 9(2), 217–224.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.55 MB